Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination
Abstract This study investigated the adverse effects of Bismuth (Bi) on oat (Avena sativa) growth and its impact on detoxification mechanisms, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant capacity, and osmoregulation. Additionally, it examined the potential of germanium (Ge) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fung...
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BMC
2025-08-01
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| Series: | BMC Plant Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06989-7 |
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| author | Xu Yang Emad A. Alsherif Nadia Mohamed El-Shafey Shereen Magdy Korany Yousef Alhaj Hamoud Hiba Shaghaleh Mohamed S. Sheteiwy Saad Suliemani Mahmoud M.Y. Madany |
| author_facet | Xu Yang Emad A. Alsherif Nadia Mohamed El-Shafey Shereen Magdy Korany Yousef Alhaj Hamoud Hiba Shaghaleh Mohamed S. Sheteiwy Saad Suliemani Mahmoud M.Y. Madany |
| author_sort | Xu Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This study investigated the adverse effects of Bismuth (Bi) on oat (Avena sativa) growth and its impact on detoxification mechanisms, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant capacity, and osmoregulation. Additionally, it examined the potential of germanium (Ge) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), individually or in combination, to mitigate these effects. Bi exposure significantly reduced fresh weight and dry weight by 65% and 68.9% of control , respectively. However, the combined application (AMF + Ge + Bi) increased fresh and dry weights by 92.8% and 123.9%, respectively, and improved photosynthesis by 67%, mitigating Bi-induced reductions. Bi exposure significantly increased oxidative stress markers, including H₂O₂ and MDA, while treatments with Ge and AMF mitigated these effects. Antioxidant metabolites (e.g., polyphenols, ASC and GSH) and enzymes activities (e.g., SOD, APX and CAT) increased, particularly under the combined Ge + Bi treatment, which enhanced the plant defense system, with total antioxidant capacity showing the highest rise (129.2%) compared to untreated plants. Detoxification responses such as increased phytochelatins and glutathione-related compounds were observed under Bi stress, while Ge and AMF improved detoxification efficiency by reducing metallothionein levels. At the same time, the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars supported osmotic adjustment. Overall, the synergistic action of Ge and AMF alleviated Bi-induced stress by enhancing growth, boosting photosynthesis, reducing oxidative damage, and strengthening detoxification capacity, highlighting their potential for improving crop resilience. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7ca83443e3b145d0b964c03126527df6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1471-2229 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Plant Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-7ca83443e3b145d0b964c03126527df62025-08-20T03:45:59ZengBMCBMC Plant Biology1471-22292025-08-0125111510.1186/s12870-025-06989-7Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contaminationXu Yang0Emad A. Alsherif1Nadia Mohamed El-Shafey2Shereen Magdy Korany3Yousef Alhaj Hamoud4Hiba Shaghaleh5Mohamed S. Sheteiwy6Saad Suliemani7Mahmoud M.Y. Madany8College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai UniversityDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef UniversityDepartment of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef UniversityDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityCollege of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai UniversitySchool of Energy and Environment, Southeast UniversityDepartment of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates UniversityDepartment of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates UniversityDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Taibah UniversityAbstract This study investigated the adverse effects of Bismuth (Bi) on oat (Avena sativa) growth and its impact on detoxification mechanisms, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant capacity, and osmoregulation. Additionally, it examined the potential of germanium (Ge) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), individually or in combination, to mitigate these effects. Bi exposure significantly reduced fresh weight and dry weight by 65% and 68.9% of control , respectively. However, the combined application (AMF + Ge + Bi) increased fresh and dry weights by 92.8% and 123.9%, respectively, and improved photosynthesis by 67%, mitigating Bi-induced reductions. Bi exposure significantly increased oxidative stress markers, including H₂O₂ and MDA, while treatments with Ge and AMF mitigated these effects. Antioxidant metabolites (e.g., polyphenols, ASC and GSH) and enzymes activities (e.g., SOD, APX and CAT) increased, particularly under the combined Ge + Bi treatment, which enhanced the plant defense system, with total antioxidant capacity showing the highest rise (129.2%) compared to untreated plants. Detoxification responses such as increased phytochelatins and glutathione-related compounds were observed under Bi stress, while Ge and AMF improved detoxification efficiency by reducing metallothionein levels. At the same time, the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars supported osmotic adjustment. Overall, the synergistic action of Ge and AMF alleviated Bi-induced stress by enhancing growth, boosting photosynthesis, reducing oxidative damage, and strengthening detoxification capacity, highlighting their potential for improving crop resilience.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06989-7Oxidative stressOsmoregulation markersDetoxificationBioremediationStress mitigation |
| spellingShingle | Xu Yang Emad A. Alsherif Nadia Mohamed El-Shafey Shereen Magdy Korany Yousef Alhaj Hamoud Hiba Shaghaleh Mohamed S. Sheteiwy Saad Suliemani Mahmoud M.Y. Madany Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination BMC Plant Biology Oxidative stress Osmoregulation markers Detoxification Bioremediation Stress mitigation |
| title | Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination |
| title_full | Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination |
| title_fullStr | Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination |
| title_short | Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi and germanium: a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination |
| title_sort | arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and germanium a dual approach to enhancing oat growth and mitigating oxidative damage due to bismuth contamination |
| topic | Oxidative stress Osmoregulation markers Detoxification Bioremediation Stress mitigation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06989-7 |
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