Optimization of a Heavy-Duty Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engine Injector for Optimum Performance and Emission Level

Hydrogen is a promising zero-carbon fuel for internal combustion engines; however, the geometric optimization of injectors for low-pressure direct-injection (LPDI) systems under lean-burn conditions remains underexplored. This study presents a high-fidelity optimization framework that couples a vali...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Murat Ozkara, Mehmet Zafer Gul
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8131
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