Diversity of Mycotoxins in Stored Paddy Rice: Contamination Patterns in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) is the most important food in Vietnam. However, rice is often lost in post-harvest due to fungal growth and mycotoxins contamination. This study aimed to evaluate mycotoxin contamination in stored paddy rice collected in 2018, 2019, and 2022 in six provinces...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Lien Thi Kim Phan Thuy Thi Ngoc Nguyen Thien Thi Thanh Tran Sarah De Saeger |
| author_facet | Lien Thi Kim Phan Thuy Thi Ngoc Nguyen Thien Thi Thanh Tran Sarah De Saeger |
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| description | Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) is the most important food in Vietnam. However, rice is often lost in post-harvest due to fungal growth and mycotoxins contamination. This study aimed to evaluate mycotoxin contamination in stored paddy rice collected in 2018, 2019, and 2022 in six provinces in Mekong Delta, Vietnam, using LC-MS/MS. The results revealed that 47% of the samples were contaminated with 12 types of mycotoxins. The prevalence of these mycotoxins was 30% (ZEN), 10% (FUS/MON), 6% (BEA/AFB2), 2–4% (AFG1, AFB1, AFG2), 2% (FB1), and 1% (OTA/AME/ENB). Among the provinces, stored paddy rice from Kien Giang had the highest contamination, followed by Ben Tre, Long An, An Giang, Dong Thap, and Can Tho. Remarkably, paddy rice collected in 2022 was usually contaminated with emerging mycotoxins with a higher incidence of co-occurrence ranging from 2–6% of the samples. Additionally, five stored paddy rice samples were contaminated with levels of AFB1, OTA, and ZEN exceeding Vietnamese regulatory limits for unprocessed rice. Our findings provide valuable insights into mycotoxin contamination across different years and growing regions in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. This study could give essential information to stakeholders, including policy-makers or food safety authorities, etc., to inform strategies to mitigate these toxins in the near future and underscores the importance of monitoring rice production. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-7ad1321eaadf4a9798337fa63b69e7652025-01-24T13:51:09ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512024-12-01171610.3390/toxins17010006Diversity of Mycotoxins in Stored Paddy Rice: Contamination Patterns in the Mekong Delta, VietnamLien Thi Kim Phan0Thuy Thi Ngoc Nguyen1Thien Thi Thanh Tran2Sarah De Saeger3Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, VietnamFaculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, VietnamFaculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, VietnamMytox-South<sup>®</sup>, International Thematic Network, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumRice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) is the most important food in Vietnam. However, rice is often lost in post-harvest due to fungal growth and mycotoxins contamination. This study aimed to evaluate mycotoxin contamination in stored paddy rice collected in 2018, 2019, and 2022 in six provinces in Mekong Delta, Vietnam, using LC-MS/MS. The results revealed that 47% of the samples were contaminated with 12 types of mycotoxins. The prevalence of these mycotoxins was 30% (ZEN), 10% (FUS/MON), 6% (BEA/AFB2), 2–4% (AFG1, AFB1, AFG2), 2% (FB1), and 1% (OTA/AME/ENB). Among the provinces, stored paddy rice from Kien Giang had the highest contamination, followed by Ben Tre, Long An, An Giang, Dong Thap, and Can Tho. Remarkably, paddy rice collected in 2022 was usually contaminated with emerging mycotoxins with a higher incidence of co-occurrence ranging from 2–6% of the samples. Additionally, five stored paddy rice samples were contaminated with levels of AFB1, OTA, and ZEN exceeding Vietnamese regulatory limits for unprocessed rice. Our findings provide valuable insights into mycotoxin contamination across different years and growing regions in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. This study could give essential information to stakeholders, including policy-makers or food safety authorities, etc., to inform strategies to mitigate these toxins in the near future and underscores the importance of monitoring rice production.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/6diversityemerging mycotoxinsevaluationMekong Deltacontaminationstored paddy rice |
| spellingShingle | Lien Thi Kim Phan Thuy Thi Ngoc Nguyen Thien Thi Thanh Tran Sarah De Saeger Diversity of Mycotoxins in Stored Paddy Rice: Contamination Patterns in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam Toxins diversity emerging mycotoxins evaluation Mekong Delta contamination stored paddy rice |
| title | Diversity of Mycotoxins in Stored Paddy Rice: Contamination Patterns in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam |
| title_full | Diversity of Mycotoxins in Stored Paddy Rice: Contamination Patterns in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam |
| title_fullStr | Diversity of Mycotoxins in Stored Paddy Rice: Contamination Patterns in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diversity of Mycotoxins in Stored Paddy Rice: Contamination Patterns in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam |
| title_short | Diversity of Mycotoxins in Stored Paddy Rice: Contamination Patterns in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam |
| title_sort | diversity of mycotoxins in stored paddy rice contamination patterns in the mekong delta vietnam |
| topic | diversity emerging mycotoxins evaluation Mekong Delta contamination stored paddy rice |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/1/6 |
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