Local Back-Propagation for Forward-Forward Networks: Independent Unsupervised Layer-Wise Training

Local Back-Propagation for Forward-Forward Networks: Independent Unsupervised Layer-Wise Training

Recent deep learning models, including GPT-4, have achieved remarkable performance using the back-propagation (BP) algorithm. However, the mechanism of BP is fundamentally different from how the human brain processes learning. To address this discrepancy, the Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm was intro...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Taewook Hwang, Hyein Seo, Sangkeun Jung
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
back-propagation
Forward-Forward algorithms
unsupervised learning
federated learning
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8207
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