The gut microbiota and diabetic nephropathy: an observational study review and bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Abstract Background Earlier studies have implicated a crucial link between diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the gut microbiota (GM) by considering the gut-kidney axis; however, the specific cause-and-effect connections between these processes remain unclear. Methods To compare changes in the GM between...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yi Zhen Han, Yang Zhi Yuan Wang, Xing Yu Zhu, Bo Xuan Du, Yao Xian Wang, Xue Qin Zhang, Jia Meng Jia, Wei Jing Liu, Hui Juan Zheng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-03-01
Series:Trials
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-08755-4
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