On the Role of Field‐Aligned Density Ducts in Z‐to‐O Mode Conversion in the Ionosphere: A 2D Simulation Study

Abstract High‐frequency (HF) ordinary polarized (O)‐mode waves transmitted along the Earth's geomagnetic field can excite plasma modes on both the bottomside and topside of the ionosphere, a process attributed to O‐to‐Z mode conversion. This mechanism explains how electromagnetic wave energy pe...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Danish Naeem, Dong‐Hun Lee, Kihong Kim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Wiley 2025-08-01
Series:Geophysical Research Letters
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117286
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