Acute fish toxicity testing in pesticide risk assessment: still a necessary requirement for the future?

Abstract Background The reliance on traditional acute fish toxicity testing in the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of plant protection products (PPPs) raises ethical and scientific concerns, particularly considering the EU’s commitment to the 3Rs principle (replacement, reduction, refinement) an...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Elena Adams, Sarah Hartmann, Daniel Faber, Yvonne Wolf, Markus Ebeling, Eric Bruns
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-07-01
Series:Environmental Sciences Europe
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01170-1
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