Nonlinear dynamical analysis of racism diffusion using a fractional-order model with optimal control and cost-effectiveness assessments
Abstract Racism has significantly impacted the social stability of many countries worldwide. This study employs a fractional-order mathematical model to analyze the diffusion dynamics of racism and assess the influence of fractional-order derivatives and intervention strategies. We establish the bou...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SpringerOpen
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Boundary Value Problems |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-025-02076-w |
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