Shadow Fleets: A Growing Challenge in Global Maritime Commerce

Shadow fleets, operating covertly in global maritime commerce, have emerged as a significant challenge to international regulatory frameworks and trade policies. This paper introduces a novel conceptual framework that distinguishes between ‘dark fleets’ and ‘gray fleets’, offering a more nuanced und...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Emilio Rodriguez-Diaz, Juan Ignacio Alcaide, Nieves Endrina
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/12/6424
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