Assessment of Scarcity, Toxicity, and Circularity Risks in the European Thermoelectric Market: A Focus on Tellurium, Antimony, Bismuth, and Lead

Assessment of Scarcity, Toxicity, and Circularity Risks in the European Thermoelectric Market: A Focus on Tellurium, Antimony, Bismuth, and Lead

This study assesses supply risks for critical raw materials (CRMs) essential to Europe’s thermoelectric (TE) technology, which transforms heat into electricity. Given the EU’s heavy reliance on imports for key materials like tellurium, antimony, bismuth, and lead, the analysis incorporates market fo...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Unza Jamil, Nicholas M. Holden
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Clean Technologies
Subjects:
thermoelectric technology
critical raw materials
supply risk
resource scarcity
circular economy
geopolitical risk
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8797/7/1/5
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