In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) Leaves
The Italian Carciofo di Paestum (<i>C. scolymus</i>) PGI, an artichoke variety from the Campania region, was investigated for its potential to reuse by-products for food supplements. EtOH:H<sub>2</sub>O 50:50 and 75:25 extracts of its leaves were analyzed for phenolic and fla...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Antonietta Cerulli Roberta Cuozzo Maria Paola Melis Gabriele Serreli Monica Deiana Milena Masullo Sonia Piacente |
| author_facet | Antonietta Cerulli Roberta Cuozzo Maria Paola Melis Gabriele Serreli Monica Deiana Milena Masullo Sonia Piacente |
| author_sort | Antonietta Cerulli |
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| description | The Italian Carciofo di Paestum (<i>C. scolymus</i>) PGI, an artichoke variety from the Campania region, was investigated for its potential to reuse by-products for food supplements. EtOH:H<sub>2</sub>O 50:50 and 75:25 extracts of its leaves were analyzed for phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (TEAC: 1.90 and 1.81 mM of Trolox; DPPH IC<sub>50</sub>: 106.31 µg/mL and 128.21 µg/mL; FRAP: 1.68 and 1.58 mM FeSO₄/g extract). To further investigate the antioxidant potential, the ability of the two extracts to scavenge reactive species was assessed in Caco-2 cell cultures, showing a dose-dependent antioxidant capacity. To highlight metabolites responsible for the activity, LC-ESI/HRMSMS analysis was achieved, revealing 28 compounds (sesquiterpenes, megastigmanes, quinic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, triterpenoid saponins, and polar fatty acids), of which structures were determined using 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis. In addition, quantitative determination of caffeoyl, dicaffeoyl, and quinic acid derivatives (CQAs) was performed through LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS, highlighting that the most abundant compound was 5-caffeoylquinic acid (<b>6</b>), with values of 9.310 and 7.603 mg/g extract in EtOH:H<sub>2</sub>O (75:25) and EtOH:H<sub>2</sub>O (50:50), respectively. The analysis showed that extracts were rich in bioactive compounds, suggesting their potential for development into antioxidant-based food supplements that may protect cells from oxidative stress and support overall wellness. |
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| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj-art-6726e93d7d5c421f83246b19e1550e7d2025-08-20T02:01:28ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-12-011324359110.3390/plants13243591In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) LeavesAntonietta Cerulli0Roberta Cuozzo1Maria Paola Melis2Gabriele Serreli3Monica Deiana4Milena Masullo5Sonia Piacente6Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, ItalyDipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Unità di Patologia Sperimentale Cittadella Universitaria, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P.8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Unità di Patologia Sperimentale Cittadella Universitaria, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P.8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Unità di Patologia Sperimentale Cittadella Universitaria, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.P.8, 09042 Monserrato, CA, ItalyDipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, ItalyDipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, ItalyThe Italian Carciofo di Paestum (<i>C. scolymus</i>) PGI, an artichoke variety from the Campania region, was investigated for its potential to reuse by-products for food supplements. EtOH:H<sub>2</sub>O 50:50 and 75:25 extracts of its leaves were analyzed for phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (TEAC: 1.90 and 1.81 mM of Trolox; DPPH IC<sub>50</sub>: 106.31 µg/mL and 128.21 µg/mL; FRAP: 1.68 and 1.58 mM FeSO₄/g extract). To further investigate the antioxidant potential, the ability of the two extracts to scavenge reactive species was assessed in Caco-2 cell cultures, showing a dose-dependent antioxidant capacity. To highlight metabolites responsible for the activity, LC-ESI/HRMSMS analysis was achieved, revealing 28 compounds (sesquiterpenes, megastigmanes, quinic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, triterpenoid saponins, and polar fatty acids), of which structures were determined using 1D- and 2D-NMR analysis. In addition, quantitative determination of caffeoyl, dicaffeoyl, and quinic acid derivatives (CQAs) was performed through LC-ESI/QTrap/MS/MS, highlighting that the most abundant compound was 5-caffeoylquinic acid (<b>6</b>), with values of 9.310 and 7.603 mg/g extract in EtOH:H<sub>2</sub>O (75:25) and EtOH:H<sub>2</sub>O (50:50), respectively. The analysis showed that extracts were rich in bioactive compounds, suggesting their potential for development into antioxidant-based food supplements that may protect cells from oxidative stress and support overall wellness.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/24/3591“Carciofo di Paestum” PGI leaveseco-sustainable extractsantioxidant activity on Caco-2 cellsLC-ESI/HRMS analysisNMR analysisspecialized metabolites |
| spellingShingle | Antonietta Cerulli Roberta Cuozzo Maria Paola Melis Gabriele Serreli Monica Deiana Milena Masullo Sonia Piacente In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) Leaves Plants “Carciofo di Paestum” PGI leaves eco-sustainable extracts antioxidant activity on Caco-2 cells LC-ESI/HRMS analysis NMR analysis specialized metabolites |
| title | In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) Leaves |
| title_full | In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) Leaves |
| title_fullStr | In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) Leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) Leaves |
| title_short | In-Depth LC-ESI/HRMS-Guided Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Eco-Sustainable Extracts of <i>Cynara cardunculus</i> (Carciofo di Paestum PGI) Leaves |
| title_sort | in depth lc esi hrms guided phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity analysis of eco sustainable extracts of i cynara cardunculus i carciofo di paestum pgi leaves |
| topic | “Carciofo di Paestum” PGI leaves eco-sustainable extracts antioxidant activity on Caco-2 cells LC-ESI/HRMS analysis NMR analysis specialized metabolites |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/24/3591 |
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