Non-invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down-sampling techniques

The soluble solid content (SSC) in fruits significantly influences consumers' taste, aroma, and flavor preferences. It also plays a crucial role for farmers and wholesalers in determining the optimal harvest period for marketing. Dielectric spectroscopy, an innovative and non-invasive technique...

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Main Authors: Kamil Sacilik, Necati Cetin, Burak Ozbey, Fernando Auat Cheein
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Smart Agricultural Technology
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772375525000164
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author Kamil Sacilik
Necati Cetin
Burak Ozbey
Fernando Auat Cheein
author_facet Kamil Sacilik
Necati Cetin
Burak Ozbey
Fernando Auat Cheein
author_sort Kamil Sacilik
collection DOAJ
description The soluble solid content (SSC) in fruits significantly influences consumers' taste, aroma, and flavor preferences. It also plays a crucial role for farmers and wholesalers in determining the optimal harvest period for marketing. Dielectric spectroscopy, an innovative and non-invasive technique, has shown promise for various applications in the food and agriculture sectors. This study introduces an open-ended coaxial line probe measurement system to non-invasively determine the SSC of sweet cherries at different radio and microwave frequencies. Key parameters such as the dielectric constant (ε′), loss factor (ε′′), loss tangent (tan δ), and SSC of sweet cherries were measured across different harvest periods. The dielectric property frequency ranges were down-sampled from 300 MHz to 15 MHz. Using dielectric spectroscopy, we implemented predictive models: support vector regression (SVR) and multilayer perceptron (MLP), that demonstrated extremely low MAE and RMSE, with correlation coefficients (R) exceeding 0.97 for SVR and 0.96 for MLP. The down-sampled frequency ranges for dielectric properties yielded consistently high performance across all subsets, demonstrating comparable results. These findings suggest that a dielectric measurement system designed for SSC estimation using fewer frequencies could effectively reduce costs while maintaining accuracy.
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issn 2772-3755
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spelling doaj-art-638d62e174614761bdd80fa6be5e64652025-08-20T02:55:45ZengElsevierSmart Agricultural Technology2772-37552025-03-011010078210.1016/j.atech.2025.100782Non-invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down-sampling techniquesKamil Sacilik0Necati Cetin1Burak Ozbey2Fernando Auat Cheein3Department of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, TürkiyeDepartment of Agricultural Machinery and Technologies Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye; Corresponding authors.Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06830 Ankara, TürkiyeDepartment of Engineering, Harper-Adams University, Newport, United Kingdom; Corresponding authors.The soluble solid content (SSC) in fruits significantly influences consumers' taste, aroma, and flavor preferences. It also plays a crucial role for farmers and wholesalers in determining the optimal harvest period for marketing. Dielectric spectroscopy, an innovative and non-invasive technique, has shown promise for various applications in the food and agriculture sectors. This study introduces an open-ended coaxial line probe measurement system to non-invasively determine the SSC of sweet cherries at different radio and microwave frequencies. Key parameters such as the dielectric constant (ε′), loss factor (ε′′), loss tangent (tan δ), and SSC of sweet cherries were measured across different harvest periods. The dielectric property frequency ranges were down-sampled from 300 MHz to 15 MHz. Using dielectric spectroscopy, we implemented predictive models: support vector regression (SVR) and multilayer perceptron (MLP), that demonstrated extremely low MAE and RMSE, with correlation coefficients (R) exceeding 0.97 for SVR and 0.96 for MLP. The down-sampled frequency ranges for dielectric properties yielded consistently high performance across all subsets, demonstrating comparable results. These findings suggest that a dielectric measurement system designed for SSC estimation using fewer frequencies could effectively reduce costs while maintaining accuracy.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772375525000164Sweet cherriesDown-samplingDielectric spectroscopySoluble solid contentMachine learning
spellingShingle Kamil Sacilik
Necati Cetin
Burak Ozbey
Fernando Auat Cheein
Non-invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down-sampling techniques
Smart Agricultural Technology
Sweet cherries
Down-sampling
Dielectric spectroscopy
Soluble solid content
Machine learning
title Non-invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down-sampling techniques
title_full Non-invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down-sampling techniques
title_fullStr Non-invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down-sampling techniques
title_full_unstemmed Non-invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down-sampling techniques
title_short Non-invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down-sampling techniques
title_sort non invasive prediction of sweet cherry soluble solids content using dielectric spectroscopy and down sampling techniques
topic Sweet cherries
Down-sampling
Dielectric spectroscopy
Soluble solid content
Machine learning
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772375525000164
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AT necaticetin noninvasivepredictionofsweetcherrysolublesolidscontentusingdielectricspectroscopyanddownsamplingtechniques
AT burakozbey noninvasivepredictionofsweetcherrysolublesolidscontentusingdielectricspectroscopyanddownsamplingtechniques
AT fernandoauatcheein noninvasivepredictionofsweetcherrysolublesolidscontentusingdielectricspectroscopyanddownsamplingtechniques