The Role of Cytokines in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders: A Review in the Context of Anesthetic Care

Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs), including postoperative delirium, delayed neurocognitive recovery, and long-term postoperative neurocognitive disorders, present significant challenges for older patients undergoing surgery. Inflammation is a protective mechanism triggered in response t...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hyun Jung Koh, Jin Joo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Biomedicines
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/2/506
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