Combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with NANOG decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under X-ray radiation for breast cancer cells

Abstract Our goal in this study was to develop bismuth sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) that were functionalized with chitosan and incorporated with decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) specifically targeting the NANOG transcription factor (designated as Bi@Chi-DEC NPs) in triple-negative breast cancer cel...

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Main Authors: Sara Heidari, Mahmoud Gharbavi, Roghayeh Ghorbani, Hamed Rezaeejam, Behrooz Johari
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05074-1
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author Sara Heidari
Mahmoud Gharbavi
Roghayeh Ghorbani
Hamed Rezaeejam
Behrooz Johari
author_facet Sara Heidari
Mahmoud Gharbavi
Roghayeh Ghorbani
Hamed Rezaeejam
Behrooz Johari
author_sort Sara Heidari
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Our goal in this study was to develop bismuth sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) that were functionalized with chitosan and incorporated with decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) specifically targeting the NANOG transcription factor (designated as Bi@Chi-DEC NPs) in triple-negative breast cancer cells. FT-IR, UV–vis, FESEM, EDX, TEM, DLS, release kinetics, and hemolysis assays were done to validate the successful synthesis of Bi@Chi-DEC NPs. The synthesized spherical particles exhibited a size distribution averaging 213.8 nm, with a zeta potential measured at -3.27 mV. The anticancer properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, along with X-ray irradiation (2Gy), were assessed through a series of cellular assays, including MTT, cellular uptake, apoptosis, cell cycle analysis, scratch, and tumorsphere formation assays on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Treatment with the synthesized nanoparticles and X-irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability, tumorsphere formation, and cellular migration, while concurrently enhancing the rate of apoptotic cells and inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. It can be inferred that Bi@Chi-DEC NPs possess the potential to serve as a therapeutic modality for cancer treatment, particularly when utilized along with radiation therapy. Further, in vivo studies are warranted to substantiate the efficacy of this therapeutic approach.
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spelling doaj-art-5670190948a742f79aa3b6e489f00c852025-08-20T03:45:28ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111810.1038/s41598-025-05074-1Combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with NANOG decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under X-ray radiation for breast cancer cellsSara Heidari0Mahmoud Gharbavi1Roghayeh Ghorbani2Hamed Rezaeejam3Behrooz Johari4Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical SciencesNanotechnology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesCellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical SciencesZanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical SciencesAbstract Our goal in this study was to develop bismuth sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) that were functionalized with chitosan and incorporated with decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) specifically targeting the NANOG transcription factor (designated as Bi@Chi-DEC NPs) in triple-negative breast cancer cells. FT-IR, UV–vis, FESEM, EDX, TEM, DLS, release kinetics, and hemolysis assays were done to validate the successful synthesis of Bi@Chi-DEC NPs. The synthesized spherical particles exhibited a size distribution averaging 213.8 nm, with a zeta potential measured at -3.27 mV. The anticancer properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, along with X-ray irradiation (2Gy), were assessed through a series of cellular assays, including MTT, cellular uptake, apoptosis, cell cycle analysis, scratch, and tumorsphere formation assays on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Treatment with the synthesized nanoparticles and X-irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability, tumorsphere formation, and cellular migration, while concurrently enhancing the rate of apoptotic cells and inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. It can be inferred that Bi@Chi-DEC NPs possess the potential to serve as a therapeutic modality for cancer treatment, particularly when utilized along with radiation therapy. Further, in vivo studies are warranted to substantiate the efficacy of this therapeutic approach.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05074-1Breast cancerBismuth nanoparticleCombinational therapyDecoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs)NANOG transcription factorRadiotherapy
spellingShingle Sara Heidari
Mahmoud Gharbavi
Roghayeh Ghorbani
Hamed Rezaeejam
Behrooz Johari
Combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with NANOG decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under X-ray radiation for breast cancer cells
Scientific Reports
Breast cancer
Bismuth nanoparticle
Combinational therapy
Decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs)
NANOG transcription factor
Radiotherapy
title Combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with NANOG decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under X-ray radiation for breast cancer cells
title_full Combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with NANOG decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under X-ray radiation for breast cancer cells
title_fullStr Combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with NANOG decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under X-ray radiation for breast cancer cells
title_full_unstemmed Combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with NANOG decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under X-ray radiation for breast cancer cells
title_short Combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with NANOG decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under X-ray radiation for breast cancer cells
title_sort combined treatment using bismuth sulfide nanoparticles loaded with nanog decoy oligodeoxynucleotides under x ray radiation for breast cancer cells
topic Breast cancer
Bismuth nanoparticle
Combinational therapy
Decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs)
NANOG transcription factor
Radiotherapy
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05074-1
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