The Uremic Toxins Inorganic Phosphate, Indoxylsulphate, p-Cresylsulphate, and TMAO Induce the Generation of Sulphated Glycosaminoglycans in Aortic Tissue and Vascular Cells via pAKT Signaling: A Missing Link in the “Gut–Matrix Axis”

The Uremic Toxins Inorganic Phosphate, Indoxylsulphate, p-Cresylsulphate, and TMAO Induce the Generation of Sulphated Glycosaminoglycans in Aortic Tissue and Vascular Cells via pAKT Signaling: A Missing Link in the “Gut–Matrix Axis”

Gut-derived uremic toxins (UTs) contribute to cardiovascular disorders like atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), causing increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The intermediate steps between higher concentrations of gut-derived UTs and organ da...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Christian Freise, Susanne Metzkow, Andreas Zappe, Monika Ebert, Nicola Stolzenburg, Julia Hahndorf, Jörg Schnorr, Kevin Pagel, Matthias Taupitz
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Toxins
Subjects:
uremic toxins
inorganic phosphate
glycosaminoglycans
chronic kidney disease
vascular smooth muscle cells
aortic rings
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/5/217
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