Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from Carica papaya L. seeds
Candida albicans is the most prominent conditional fungal pathogen, which can cause systemic candidiasis when an individual becomes immunocompromised. The widespread and long-term use of azoles like fluconazole (FLC) has led to a significant increase in drug resistance, posing substantial challenges...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Drug Delivery |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10717544.2025.2544687 |
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| author | Zelin Zheng Zijie Li Mingqi Yu Xinyi Ma Jie Gao Yan Wang Jinyan Wu Xiaodan Yu Yinzheng Ma Xiaowen He |
| author_facet | Zelin Zheng Zijie Li Mingqi Yu Xinyi Ma Jie Gao Yan Wang Jinyan Wu Xiaodan Yu Yinzheng Ma Xiaowen He |
| author_sort | Zelin Zheng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Candida albicans is the most prominent conditional fungal pathogen, which can cause systemic candidiasis when an individual becomes immunocompromised. The widespread and long-term use of azoles like fluconazole (FLC) has led to a significant increase in drug resistance, posing substantial challenges to clinical treatment. In our previous study, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was extracted from Carica papaya L. seed, and it exhibited a notable inhibitory effect against C. albicans. However, the application of BITC is restricted by its instability, poor water solubility, volatility, and easy degradation. This study aimed to prepare BITC-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (BITC-NLC) to address these limitations of BITC and enhance antifungal efficacy in vitro and in vivo against C. albicans. The results of physicochemical properties showed that BITC-NLC had small particle size, good physical stability, and high encapsulation efficiency. In vitro, the antifungal effect of BITC-NLC was better than BITC against both sensitive and resistant C. albicans and better than FLC against resistant C. albicans. Moreover, in the in vivo experiment using systemic candidiasis mice model induced by resistant C. albicans, BITC-NLC was more remarkable than BITC and FLC in the increase of the survival rate and the splenic index, the reduction of the fungal burden, and the alleviation of the pathological damage. These findings may be attributed to the enhanced stability and sustained release of BITC. This study highlights the potential of BITC-NLC as a novel and effective formulation for the clinical treatment of drug-resistant C. albicans infections, thereby expanding the application scope of papaya. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-54eabe9a7ddb4552aeee4499c07b2351 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1071-7544 1521-0464 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Drug Delivery |
| spelling | doaj-art-54eabe9a7ddb4552aeee4499c07b23512025-08-20T03:36:10ZengTaylor & Francis GroupDrug Delivery1071-75441521-04642025-12-0132110.1080/10717544.2025.2544687Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from Carica papaya L. seedsZelin Zheng0Zijie Li1Mingqi Yu2Xinyi Ma3Jie Gao4Yan Wang5Jinyan Wu6Xiaodan Yu7Yinzheng Ma8Xiaowen He9School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaResearch Institute for Science and Technology Development, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaResearch Institute for Science and Technology Development, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaResearch Institute for Science and Technology Development, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaSchool of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University (Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences), Haikou, ChinaCandida albicans is the most prominent conditional fungal pathogen, which can cause systemic candidiasis when an individual becomes immunocompromised. The widespread and long-term use of azoles like fluconazole (FLC) has led to a significant increase in drug resistance, posing substantial challenges to clinical treatment. In our previous study, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was extracted from Carica papaya L. seed, and it exhibited a notable inhibitory effect against C. albicans. However, the application of BITC is restricted by its instability, poor water solubility, volatility, and easy degradation. This study aimed to prepare BITC-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (BITC-NLC) to address these limitations of BITC and enhance antifungal efficacy in vitro and in vivo against C. albicans. The results of physicochemical properties showed that BITC-NLC had small particle size, good physical stability, and high encapsulation efficiency. In vitro, the antifungal effect of BITC-NLC was better than BITC against both sensitive and resistant C. albicans and better than FLC against resistant C. albicans. Moreover, in the in vivo experiment using systemic candidiasis mice model induced by resistant C. albicans, BITC-NLC was more remarkable than BITC and FLC in the increase of the survival rate and the splenic index, the reduction of the fungal burden, and the alleviation of the pathological damage. These findings may be attributed to the enhanced stability and sustained release of BITC. This study highlights the potential of BITC-NLC as a novel and effective formulation for the clinical treatment of drug-resistant C. albicans infections, thereby expanding the application scope of papaya.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10717544.2025.2544687Papaya seedsbenzyl isothiocyanatenanostructured lipid carrierCandida albicansresistancesystemic candidiasis |
| spellingShingle | Zelin Zheng Zijie Li Mingqi Yu Xinyi Ma Jie Gao Yan Wang Jinyan Wu Xiaodan Yu Yinzheng Ma Xiaowen He Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from Carica papaya L. seeds Drug Delivery Papaya seeds benzyl isothiocyanate nanostructured lipid carrier Candida albicans resistance systemic candidiasis |
| title | Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from Carica papaya L. seeds |
| title_full | Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from Carica papaya L. seeds |
| title_fullStr | Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from Carica papaya L. seeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from Carica papaya L. seeds |
| title_short | Enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from Carica papaya L. seeds |
| title_sort | enhanced in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy against candida albicans of nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate extracted from carica papaya l seeds |
| topic | Papaya seeds benzyl isothiocyanate nanostructured lipid carrier Candida albicans resistance systemic candidiasis |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/10717544.2025.2544687 |
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