What made 2023 and 2024 the hottest years in a row?

Abstract Global surface temperature reached a record high in 2023. Using a global climate model, we show that El Niño along with extratropical variability boosted 2023 to be the hottest year on a background warming of 0.2 °C/decade. Our model initialized in July 2024 correctly predicted that 2024 wa...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Shang-Ping Xie, Ayumu Miyamoto, Pengcheng Zhang, Yu Kosaka, Yu Liang, Nicholas J. Lutsko
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-03-01
Series:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01006-y
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