Sitting vs. squatting: a scoping review of toilet postures and associated health outcomes

Abstract Background/objective The comparison between squatting and sitting toilets involves complex health, ergonomic, and design considerations. This scoping review aims to synthesize evidence on the digestive, musculoskeletal, and ergonomic health outcomes associated with squatting and sitting toi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Niloofar Rahgoshay, Mohammad Rahdar, Laleh Nikoo, Hadi Daneshmandi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Public Health
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23379-8
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