The regulatory effects of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors on bone metabolism: opportunities and challenges in osteoporosis management

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 inhibitors have become pivotal agents in cancer immunotherapy, demonstrating significant efficacy across multiple malignancies. However, beyond regulating T cell activation, the PD-1/PD-L1 axis also exerts complex and critical effects on bone metabolism...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jia-Wen Wang, Mu-Wei Dai, Jia-Hui Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1630751/full
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