Optimized transesterification of unrefined palm and waste cooking oil blend to biodiesel using cement kiln dust catalyst

Abstract Biodiesel is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. However, biodiesel’s economic feasibility for mass-production remains a challenge. This study investigates the use of cement kiln dust (CKD) waste as a heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of a mixed oil made from unrefin...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Mahmoud S. Hefney, Mai O. Abdelmigeed, Tamer S. Ahmed, Ibrahim M. Ismail
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11752-x
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