Power management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCs
Abstract The random and variable generation of wind and solar energies, particularly in DC microgrids, leads to undesirable fluctuations in the DC link voltage, consequently decreasing the power quality on the DC side. This issue is exacerbated in independent AC/DC hybrid microgrids, where AC and DC...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07873-y |
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| author | Sara Mahmoudi Rashid Amir Rikhtehgar Ghiasi |
| author_facet | Sara Mahmoudi Rashid Amir Rikhtehgar Ghiasi |
| author_sort | Sara Mahmoudi Rashid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The random and variable generation of wind and solar energies, particularly in DC microgrids, leads to undesirable fluctuations in the DC link voltage, consequently decreasing the power quality on the DC side. This issue is exacerbated in independent AC/DC hybrid microgrids, where AC and DC subgrids are interconnected via interlinking converters (ILCs), intensifying the voltage fluctuations and severely impacting power distribution in the AC domain. This article proposes a hybrid battery system integrated with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system to stabilize voltage fluctuations in the DC link, which occur due to the variable nature of renewable energy sources influenced by weather conditions. The proposed hybrid storage system is applied in an off-grid AC/DC hybrid microgrid, dynamically smoothing the DC link voltage while supporting the grid loads during periods of reduced distributed generation (DG) and enhancing power management between AC and DC microgrids. Additionally, two ILCs with virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control are suggested to enable the integration of AC and DC microgrids. The initial ILC manages the distribution of power between the two microgrids, while the second ILC focuses on improving power quality on the AC side and its DC link to the proposed hybrid storage system. Consequently, the hybrid storage system not only regulates the DC link voltage alongside the second ILC but also controls the DC microgrid voltage. A photovoltaic (PV) unit, coupled with a wind power unit based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), is responsible for power generation in the DC microgrid. On the AC microgrid side, a PV power plant is responsible for generating a portion of the power in the AC/DC hybrid microgrid. Simulation results in the MATLAB Simulink environment demonstrate that employing hybrid storage maintains the DC microgrid voltage at its nominal value under continuous PV and wind power changes while accurately distributing power between AC and DC microgrids. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-4ba9e26f867e432b96a3e3cae8fd7860 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-4ba9e26f867e432b96a3e3cae8fd78602025-08-20T03:38:13ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115112910.1038/s41598-025-07873-yPower management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCsSara Mahmoudi Rashid0Amir Rikhtehgar Ghiasi1Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of TabrizFaculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of TabrizAbstract The random and variable generation of wind and solar energies, particularly in DC microgrids, leads to undesirable fluctuations in the DC link voltage, consequently decreasing the power quality on the DC side. This issue is exacerbated in independent AC/DC hybrid microgrids, where AC and DC subgrids are interconnected via interlinking converters (ILCs), intensifying the voltage fluctuations and severely impacting power distribution in the AC domain. This article proposes a hybrid battery system integrated with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system to stabilize voltage fluctuations in the DC link, which occur due to the variable nature of renewable energy sources influenced by weather conditions. The proposed hybrid storage system is applied in an off-grid AC/DC hybrid microgrid, dynamically smoothing the DC link voltage while supporting the grid loads during periods of reduced distributed generation (DG) and enhancing power management between AC and DC microgrids. Additionally, two ILCs with virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control are suggested to enable the integration of AC and DC microgrids. The initial ILC manages the distribution of power between the two microgrids, while the second ILC focuses on improving power quality on the AC side and its DC link to the proposed hybrid storage system. Consequently, the hybrid storage system not only regulates the DC link voltage alongside the second ILC but also controls the DC microgrid voltage. A photovoltaic (PV) unit, coupled with a wind power unit based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), is responsible for power generation in the DC microgrid. On the AC microgrid side, a PV power plant is responsible for generating a portion of the power in the AC/DC hybrid microgrid. Simulation results in the MATLAB Simulink environment demonstrate that employing hybrid storage maintains the DC microgrid voltage at its nominal value under continuous PV and wind power changes while accurately distributing power between AC and DC microgrids.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07873-ySMESBESSOff-grid hybrid microgridILCVSG |
| spellingShingle | Sara Mahmoudi Rashid Amir Rikhtehgar Ghiasi Power management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCs Scientific Reports SMES BESS Off-grid hybrid microgrid ILC VSG |
| title | Power management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCs |
| title_full | Power management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCs |
| title_fullStr | Power management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Power management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCs |
| title_short | Power management enhancement and smoothing DC voltage using integrated BESS and SMES in Off-grid hybrid AC/DC microgrid based on ILCs |
| title_sort | power management enhancement and smoothing dc voltage using integrated bess and smes in off grid hybrid ac dc microgrid based on ilcs |
| topic | SMES BESS Off-grid hybrid microgrid ILC VSG |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07873-y |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saramahmoudirashid powermanagementenhancementandsmoothingdcvoltageusingintegratedbessandsmesinoffgridhybridacdcmicrogridbasedonilcs AT amirrikhtehgarghiasi powermanagementenhancementandsmoothingdcvoltageusingintegratedbessandsmesinoffgridhybridacdcmicrogridbasedonilcs |