Clinical progression and genetic pathways in body-first and brain-first Parkinson’s disease

Abstract Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder with distinct phenotypes that can develop well before motor symptoms appear. Recently, two main phenotypes based on the different pathological spreading patterns of PD have been proposed: “body-first”, where α-synuclein...

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Main Authors: Massimiliano Passaretti, Daniel Veréb, Mite Mijalkov, Yu-Wei Chang, Hang Zhao, Blanca Zufiria-Gerbolés, Jiawei Sun, Giovanni Volpe, Natalia Rivera, Matteo Bologna, Joana B. Pereira
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-06-01
Series:Molecular Neurodegeneration
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-025-00866-5
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