Mitigating morphine dependence and withdrawal: The role of venlafaxine and calcium channel blockers in mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in the brain

Mitigating morphine dependence and withdrawal: The role of venlafaxine and calcium channel blockers in mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in the brain

Background: The reasons for morphine dependence and withdrawal symptoms are oxidative stress and dysfunction of cell mitochondria in the brain. Venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), mitigates oxidative stress, while calcium channel blockers (nimodipine/diltiazem) prevent...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Radman Amiri, Faezeh Fallah, Behnam Ghorbanzadeh, Ali Akbar Oroojan, Mohammad Amin Behmanesh, Soheila Alboghobeish
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-06-01
Series:Brain Research Bulletin
Subjects:
Mitochondria
Withdrawal syndrome
Morphine
Naloxone
Venlafaxine
Calcium channel blockers
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0361923025001765
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