Comprehensive Characterization (Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Isotopic, and Digital Color Image) of Tequila 100% Agave <i>Cristalino</i> as Evidence of the Preservation of the Characteristics of Its Aging Process
To obtain fundamental information on the Tequila 100% agave <i>Cristalino</i> commercial samples were characterized in their different classes. For this purpose, 12 samples were chosen, defined as: G1 (aged; <i>n</i> = 3, or extra-aged; <i>n</i> = 3) and G2 (aged-...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Beverages |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/11/2/42 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850183538843844608 |
|---|---|
| author | Walter M. Warren-Vega Rocío Fonseca-Aguiñaga Arantza Villa-González Camila S. Gómez-Navarro Luis A. Romero-Cano |
| author_facet | Walter M. Warren-Vega Rocío Fonseca-Aguiñaga Arantza Villa-González Camila S. Gómez-Navarro Luis A. Romero-Cano |
| author_sort | Walter M. Warren-Vega |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To obtain fundamental information on the Tequila 100% agave <i>Cristalino</i> commercial samples were characterized in their different classes. For this purpose, 12 samples were chosen, defined as: G1 (aged; <i>n</i> = 3, or extra-aged; <i>n</i> = 3) and G2 (aged-<i>Cristalino</i>; <i>n</i> = 3 or extra-aged-<i>Cristalino</i>; <i>n</i> = 3). Analytical characterization was performed on these beverages, consisting of isotope ratio mass spectrometry, gas and liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and color using digital image processing. The results corroborate that the chromatographic characterization (mg/100 mL A.A.)—higher alcohols (299.53 ± 46.56), methanol (212.02 ± 32.28), esters (26.02 ± 4.60), aldehydes (8.93 ± 4.61), and furfural (1.02 ± 0.56)—and isotopic characterization—δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>VPDB</sub> = −13.02 ± 0.35 ‰ and δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>VSMOW</sub> = 21.31 ± 1.33 ‰—do not present statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05) between groups. From these techniques, it was possible to reinforce that isotopic ratios can provide information about that the ethanol of these alcoholic beverages come from <i>Agave tequilana</i> Weber blue variety and it is not affected in the filtration process. Based on the UV-Vis analysis, I<sub>280</sub> and I<sub>365</sub> were obtained, which were related to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids—expressed as mg quercetin equivalents/L—only found in group 1. Due to the presence of flavonoids in aged beverages, the oxidation process results in the formation of an amber color, which can be measured by an RGB color model; therefore, the analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between groups. It can be concluded that Tequila 100% agave <i>Cristalino</i> is a Tequila 100% agave aged or extra-aged without color in which its chromatographic and isotopic profile is not affected. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-471880c987874d30afa5ffa9ed29d7e5 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2306-5710 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Beverages |
| spelling | doaj-art-471880c987874d30afa5ffa9ed29d7e52025-08-20T02:17:20ZengMDPI AGBeverages2306-57102025-03-011124210.3390/beverages11020042Comprehensive Characterization (Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Isotopic, and Digital Color Image) of Tequila 100% Agave <i>Cristalino</i> as Evidence of the Preservation of the Characteristics of Its Aging ProcessWalter M. Warren-Vega0Rocío Fonseca-Aguiñaga1Arantza Villa-González2Camila S. Gómez-Navarro3Luis A. Romero-Cano4Grupo de Investigación en Materiales y Fenómenos de Superficie, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, MexicoGrupo de Investigación en Materiales y Fenómenos de Superficie, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, MexicoGrupo de Investigación en Materiales y Fenómenos de Superficie, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, MexicoGrupo de Investigación en Materiales y Fenómenos de Superficie, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, MexicoGrupo de Investigación en Materiales y Fenómenos de Superficie, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan 45129, MexicoTo obtain fundamental information on the Tequila 100% agave <i>Cristalino</i> commercial samples were characterized in their different classes. For this purpose, 12 samples were chosen, defined as: G1 (aged; <i>n</i> = 3, or extra-aged; <i>n</i> = 3) and G2 (aged-<i>Cristalino</i>; <i>n</i> = 3 or extra-aged-<i>Cristalino</i>; <i>n</i> = 3). Analytical characterization was performed on these beverages, consisting of isotope ratio mass spectrometry, gas and liquid chromatography, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and color using digital image processing. The results corroborate that the chromatographic characterization (mg/100 mL A.A.)—higher alcohols (299.53 ± 46.56), methanol (212.02 ± 32.28), esters (26.02 ± 4.60), aldehydes (8.93 ± 4.61), and furfural (1.02 ± 0.56)—and isotopic characterization—δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>VPDB</sub> = −13.02 ± 0.35 ‰ and δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>VSMOW</sub> = 21.31 ± 1.33 ‰—do not present statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05) between groups. From these techniques, it was possible to reinforce that isotopic ratios can provide information about that the ethanol of these alcoholic beverages come from <i>Agave tequilana</i> Weber blue variety and it is not affected in the filtration process. Based on the UV-Vis analysis, I<sub>280</sub> and I<sub>365</sub> were obtained, which were related to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids—expressed as mg quercetin equivalents/L—only found in group 1. Due to the presence of flavonoids in aged beverages, the oxidation process results in the formation of an amber color, which can be measured by an RGB color model; therefore, the analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between groups. It can be concluded that Tequila 100% agave <i>Cristalino</i> is a Tequila 100% agave aged or extra-aged without color in which its chromatographic and isotopic profile is not affected.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/11/2/42alcoholic beveragespolyphenolsflavonoidsselective color removal |
| spellingShingle | Walter M. Warren-Vega Rocío Fonseca-Aguiñaga Arantza Villa-González Camila S. Gómez-Navarro Luis A. Romero-Cano Comprehensive Characterization (Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Isotopic, and Digital Color Image) of Tequila 100% Agave <i>Cristalino</i> as Evidence of the Preservation of the Characteristics of Its Aging Process Beverages alcoholic beverages polyphenols flavonoids selective color removal |
| title | Comprehensive Characterization (Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Isotopic, and Digital Color Image) of Tequila 100% Agave <i>Cristalino</i> as Evidence of the Preservation of the Characteristics of Its Aging Process |
| title_full | Comprehensive Characterization (Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Isotopic, and Digital Color Image) of Tequila 100% Agave <i>Cristalino</i> as Evidence of the Preservation of the Characteristics of Its Aging Process |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Characterization (Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Isotopic, and Digital Color Image) of Tequila 100% Agave <i>Cristalino</i> as Evidence of the Preservation of the Characteristics of Its Aging Process |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Characterization (Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Isotopic, and Digital Color Image) of Tequila 100% Agave <i>Cristalino</i> as Evidence of the Preservation of the Characteristics of Its Aging Process |
| title_short | Comprehensive Characterization (Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Isotopic, and Digital Color Image) of Tequila 100% Agave <i>Cristalino</i> as Evidence of the Preservation of the Characteristics of Its Aging Process |
| title_sort | comprehensive characterization chromatography spectroscopy isotopic and digital color image of tequila 100 agave i cristalino i as evidence of the preservation of the characteristics of its aging process |
| topic | alcoholic beverages polyphenols flavonoids selective color removal |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5710/11/2/42 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT waltermwarrenvega comprehensivecharacterizationchromatographyspectroscopyisotopicanddigitalcolorimageoftequila100agaveicristalinoiasevidenceofthepreservationofthecharacteristicsofitsagingprocess AT rociofonsecaaguinaga comprehensivecharacterizationchromatographyspectroscopyisotopicanddigitalcolorimageoftequila100agaveicristalinoiasevidenceofthepreservationofthecharacteristicsofitsagingprocess AT arantzavillagonzalez comprehensivecharacterizationchromatographyspectroscopyisotopicanddigitalcolorimageoftequila100agaveicristalinoiasevidenceofthepreservationofthecharacteristicsofitsagingprocess AT camilasgomeznavarro comprehensivecharacterizationchromatographyspectroscopyisotopicanddigitalcolorimageoftequila100agaveicristalinoiasevidenceofthepreservationofthecharacteristicsofitsagingprocess AT luisaromerocano comprehensivecharacterizationchromatographyspectroscopyisotopicanddigitalcolorimageoftequila100agaveicristalinoiasevidenceofthepreservationofthecharacteristicsofitsagingprocess |