Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives
Background: Surrogate indexes of insulin resistance (IR) are less expensive than the euglycemic glucose clamp. The simultaneous impact of sex and gender, smoking, and combined oral contraceptives (COC) on IR surrogate indexes was studied in a cohort of healthy young men and women (stratified in COC-...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Diabetology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4540/5/7/50 |
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| author | Giancarlo Tonolo Andrea Montella Mariangela V. Puci Giovanni Sotgiu Narcisa Muresu Sara Cherchi Mario Palermo Giuseppe Seghieri Flavia Franconi Ilaria Campesi |
| author_facet | Giancarlo Tonolo Andrea Montella Mariangela V. Puci Giovanni Sotgiu Narcisa Muresu Sara Cherchi Mario Palermo Giuseppe Seghieri Flavia Franconi Ilaria Campesi |
| author_sort | Giancarlo Tonolo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Surrogate indexes of insulin resistance (IR) are less expensive than the euglycemic glucose clamp. The simultaneous impact of sex and gender, smoking, and combined oral contraceptives (COC) on IR surrogate indexes was studied in a cohort of healthy young men and women (stratified in COC-free women and COC users). Methods: Glycemia, insulin, C-peptide, TG, and HDL were measured in serum samples and used to calculate IGR, HOMA-IR-IR, QUICKI, FIRI, METS-IR, TG, and MCAi. Results: Men had higher BMI, glycemia, TG, METS-IR, TyG, and lower HDL than COC-free women and they had lower IGR and higher METS-IR and MCAi than COC users. TG, HDL, and TyG were lower and MCAi is higher in COC-free women than in COC users. In non-smokers, men had higher BMI and METS-IR and lower HDL than both cohorts of women. COC-free women showed a lower TyG index than men and COC women and lower TG, HDL, and IGR. MCAi was higher in COC-free women than in COC users. Smoking reduced sex and gender differences: HDL was lower in men than COC users and IGR was lower in men than COC-free women. Intra-sex differences were reported only in COC-free women: smokers had higher insulin, C-peptide, TG, and IGR and lower MCAi than non-smokers. Cluster analysis evidenced a significant separation between the sexes and smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions: Smoking leads to changes in the phenotype of both men and women, as well as COC in women; they should be considered independent variables in clinical studies given, representing a fundamental cornerstone in the personalization of prevention and care. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-444b94bc2f88491f8a667c76dfc33159 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2673-4540 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diabetology |
| spelling | doaj-art-444b94bc2f88491f8a667c76dfc331592025-08-20T02:55:56ZengMDPI AGDiabetology2673-45402024-12-015767768910.3390/diabetology5070050Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral ContraceptivesGiancarlo Tonolo0Andrea Montella1Mariangela V. Puci2Giovanni Sotgiu3Narcisa Muresu4Sara Cherchi5Mario Palermo6Giuseppe Seghieri7Flavia Franconi8Ilaria Campesi9Struttura Complessa di Diabetologia della Asl Gallura, 07026 Olbia, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyClinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyClinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Humanities and Social Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyStruttura Complessa di Diabetologia della Asl Gallura, 07026 Olbia, ItalyEndocrinology and Nutrition and Replacement Diseases, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyEpidemiology Unit, Regional Health Agency of Tuscany, 50141 Firenze, ItalyLaboratory of Sex-Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 07100 Sassari, ItalyDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, ItalyBackground: Surrogate indexes of insulin resistance (IR) are less expensive than the euglycemic glucose clamp. The simultaneous impact of sex and gender, smoking, and combined oral contraceptives (COC) on IR surrogate indexes was studied in a cohort of healthy young men and women (stratified in COC-free women and COC users). Methods: Glycemia, insulin, C-peptide, TG, and HDL were measured in serum samples and used to calculate IGR, HOMA-IR-IR, QUICKI, FIRI, METS-IR, TG, and MCAi. Results: Men had higher BMI, glycemia, TG, METS-IR, TyG, and lower HDL than COC-free women and they had lower IGR and higher METS-IR and MCAi than COC users. TG, HDL, and TyG were lower and MCAi is higher in COC-free women than in COC users. In non-smokers, men had higher BMI and METS-IR and lower HDL than both cohorts of women. COC-free women showed a lower TyG index than men and COC women and lower TG, HDL, and IGR. MCAi was higher in COC-free women than in COC users. Smoking reduced sex and gender differences: HDL was lower in men than COC users and IGR was lower in men than COC-free women. Intra-sex differences were reported only in COC-free women: smokers had higher insulin, C-peptide, TG, and IGR and lower MCAi than non-smokers. Cluster analysis evidenced a significant separation between the sexes and smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions: Smoking leads to changes in the phenotype of both men and women, as well as COC in women; they should be considered independent variables in clinical studies given, representing a fundamental cornerstone in the personalization of prevention and care.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4540/5/7/50tobacco smokingcombined oral contraceptivessex and gender differencesinsulin resistanceinsulin resistance indexeshumans |
| spellingShingle | Giancarlo Tonolo Andrea Montella Mariangela V. Puci Giovanni Sotgiu Narcisa Muresu Sara Cherchi Mario Palermo Giuseppe Seghieri Flavia Franconi Ilaria Campesi Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives Diabetology tobacco smoking combined oral contraceptives sex and gender differences insulin resistance insulin resistance indexes humans |
| title | Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives |
| title_full | Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives |
| title_fullStr | Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives |
| title_short | Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives |
| title_sort | surrogate indexes of insulin resistance are affected by sex and gender and by the combination of smoking and oral contraceptives |
| topic | tobacco smoking combined oral contraceptives sex and gender differences insulin resistance insulin resistance indexes humans |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4540/5/7/50 |
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