The Difficulties of Ex Situ Conservation: A Nationwide Investigation of Avian Haemosporidia Among Captive Penguins in Japan

Avian malaria has been a continuous problem in both wild and captive populations of penguins throughout the world. In Japan, where there are over 3000 captive penguins, avian malaria (by <i>Plasmodium</i> spp.) and haemoproteosis (by <i>Haemoproteus</i> spp.) have been sporad...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Mizue Inumaru, Misa Shimizu, Ayumi Shibata, Koichi Murata, Yukita Sato
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/6/1/7
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