Firefighting foam biodegradation: why current methods fail and how to improve them

Standard biodegradation tests, including aerobic and anaerobic protocols, are critical tools for evaluating the environmental fate of chemicals. However, when applied to firefighting foams and foaming surfactants, these methods exhibit significant limitations due to the unique physicochemical proper...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Mahsa Modiri, Michael Penrose, Mohamed Ateia
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IOP Publishing 2025-01-01
Series:Sustainability Science and Technology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1088/2977-3504/adf22c
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