Causal effects of primary aldosteronism on inflammation and bone density: evidence from Mendelian randomization, animal, and clinical studies

Abstract Background Studies on the pro-inflammatory effects of primary aldosteronism (PA) in humans have largely relied on measurements of circulating inflammatory biomarkers and are mostly observational in nature, making it difficult to establish a causal relationship between PA and inflammatory re...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Zhiyu Zhang, Yun Du, Fei Zhang, Xiaoqi Li, Lei Rong, Heng Zhu, Jie Tan, Jing Huang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01875-6
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