Risk factors and clinical risk stratification of distant metastasis in early-stage lung cancer in never smokers

Risk factors and clinical risk stratification of distant metastasis in early-stage lung cancer in never smokers

Abstract Background Risk factors for distant metastasis in early-stage lung cancer in never smokers (LCINS) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to identify key risk factors and to develop a clinical risk stratification model for early-stage LCINS. Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Dongsheng Wu, Xiaohu Hao, Zhipeng Gong, Ruichen Cui, Liang Xia, Lunxu Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-06-01
Series:World Journal of Surgical Oncology
Subjects:
Lung cancer in never smokers
Distant metastasis
Risk factors
Predictive model
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-025-03892-1
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https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-025-03892-1

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