Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
A covalent organic framework (COF) has emerged as a promising photocatalyst for the removal of pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) contaminants; however, high-performance COF photocatalysts are still scarce. In this study, three COF photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by the con...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Hongguang Guo Jiaqin He Yixi Guo Yunxi Chang Haidong Ju Yizhou Li |
| author_facet | Hongguang Guo Jiaqin He Yixi Guo Yunxi Chang Haidong Ju Yizhou Li |
| author_sort | Hongguang Guo |
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| description | A covalent organic framework (COF) has emerged as a promising photocatalyst for the removal of pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) contaminants; however, high-performance COF photocatalysts are still scarce. In this study, three COF photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by the condensation of benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b′:5,6-b′′]trithiophene-2,5,8-tricarbaldehyde (BTT) with 4,4′,4′′-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline (TAPT), 1,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB), and 4,4′,4′′-nitrilotris(benzenamine) (TAPA), namely, BTT-TAPA, BTT-TAPB, and BTT-TAPT, respectively. The surface areas of BTT-TAPA, BTT-TAPB, and BTT-TAPT were found to be 800.46, 1203.60, and 1413.58 cm<sup>2</sup>∙g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, providing abundant active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Under visible-light irradiation, BTT-TAPT exhibited the highest removal rate of tetracycline (TC), reaching 82.7% after 240 min. The superior photocatalytic performance of BTT-TAPT was attributed to its large specific surface area and the strong electron-acceptor properties of the triazine group. Electron paramagnetic resonance capture experiments and liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer analysis confirmed that superoxide radicals played a pivotal role in the degradation of TC and ciprofloxacin. Moreover, BTT-TAPT exhibited high stability and reproducibility during the photocatalytic degradation process. This study confirms that BTT-based COFs are a class of promising photocatalysts for the degradation of PPCPs in water, and their performance can be further optimized by tuning the structure and composition of the frameworks. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-413f654a41a14797b0c1fad6daa1af352025-01-24T13:43:40ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-01-0130233610.3390/molecules30020336Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care ProductsHongguang Guo0Jiaqin He1Yixi Guo2Yunxi Chang3Haidong Ju4Yizhou Li5School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, ChinaCollege of Physics Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, ChinaCollege of Physics Science and Technology, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, ChinaYunnan Engineering Technology Research Center for Plastic Films, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, ChinaYunnan Key Laboratory of Metal-Organic Molecular Materials and Device, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, ChinaA covalent organic framework (COF) has emerged as a promising photocatalyst for the removal of pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) contaminants; however, high-performance COF photocatalysts are still scarce. In this study, three COF photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by the condensation of benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b′:5,6-b′′]trithiophene-2,5,8-tricarbaldehyde (BTT) with 4,4′,4′′-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline (TAPT), 1,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene (TAPB), and 4,4′,4′′-nitrilotris(benzenamine) (TAPA), namely, BTT-TAPA, BTT-TAPB, and BTT-TAPT, respectively. The surface areas of BTT-TAPA, BTT-TAPB, and BTT-TAPT were found to be 800.46, 1203.60, and 1413.58 cm<sup>2</sup>∙g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, providing abundant active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Under visible-light irradiation, BTT-TAPT exhibited the highest removal rate of tetracycline (TC), reaching 82.7% after 240 min. The superior photocatalytic performance of BTT-TAPT was attributed to its large specific surface area and the strong electron-acceptor properties of the triazine group. Electron paramagnetic resonance capture experiments and liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer analysis confirmed that superoxide radicals played a pivotal role in the degradation of TC and ciprofloxacin. Moreover, BTT-TAPT exhibited high stability and reproducibility during the photocatalytic degradation process. This study confirms that BTT-based COFs are a class of promising photocatalysts for the degradation of PPCPs in water, and their performance can be further optimized by tuning the structure and composition of the frameworks.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/336covalent organic frameworksphotocatalytic degradationbenzotrithiophenepharmaceuticals and personal care productstriazine |
| spellingShingle | Hongguang Guo Jiaqin He Yixi Guo Yunxi Chang Haidong Ju Yizhou Li Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Molecules covalent organic frameworks photocatalytic degradation benzotrithiophene pharmaceuticals and personal care products triazine |
| title | Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products |
| title_full | Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products |
| title_fullStr | Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products |
| title_short | Electron Push-Pull Effect of Benzotrithiophene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products |
| title_sort | electron push pull effect of benzotrithiophene based covalent organic frameworks on the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products |
| topic | covalent organic frameworks photocatalytic degradation benzotrithiophene pharmaceuticals and personal care products triazine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/2/336 |
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