D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Amino acids are important components for peptides and proteins and act as signal transmitters. Only L-amino acids have been considered necessary in mammals, including humans. However, diverse D-amino acids, such as D-serine, D-aspartate, D-alanine, and D-cysteine, are found in mammals. Physiological...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2016-01-01
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| Series: | Scientifica |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6494621 |
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| author | Yoshimitsu Kiriyama Hiromi Nochi |
| author_facet | Yoshimitsu Kiriyama Hiromi Nochi |
| author_sort | Yoshimitsu Kiriyama |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Amino acids are important components for peptides and proteins and act as signal transmitters. Only L-amino acids have been considered necessary in mammals, including humans. However, diverse D-amino acids, such as D-serine, D-aspartate, D-alanine, and D-cysteine, are found in mammals. Physiological roles of these D-amino acids not only in the nervous system but also in the endocrine system are being gradually revealed. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are associated with learning and memory. D-Serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine can all bind to NMDA receptors. H2S generated from D-cysteine reduces disulfide bonds in receptors and potentiates their activity. Aberrant receptor activity is related to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are detected in parts of the endocrine system, such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and testis. D-Aspartate is being investigated for the regulation of hormone release from various endocrine organs. Here we focused on recent findings regarding the synthesis and physiological functions of D-amino acids in the nervous and endocrine systems. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-397801f713a74fb7b70321cc847d199f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2090-908X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2016-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientifica |
| spelling | doaj-art-397801f713a74fb7b70321cc847d199f2025-02-03T05:48:18ZengWileyScientifica2090-908X2016-01-01201610.1155/2016/64946216494621D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine SystemsYoshimitsu Kiriyama0Hiromi Nochi1Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, JapanKagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Shido 1314-1, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, JapanAmino acids are important components for peptides and proteins and act as signal transmitters. Only L-amino acids have been considered necessary in mammals, including humans. However, diverse D-amino acids, such as D-serine, D-aspartate, D-alanine, and D-cysteine, are found in mammals. Physiological roles of these D-amino acids not only in the nervous system but also in the endocrine system are being gradually revealed. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are associated with learning and memory. D-Serine, D-aspartate, and D-alanine can all bind to NMDA receptors. H2S generated from D-cysteine reduces disulfide bonds in receptors and potentiates their activity. Aberrant receptor activity is related to diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, D-amino acids are detected in parts of the endocrine system, such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, and testis. D-Aspartate is being investigated for the regulation of hormone release from various endocrine organs. Here we focused on recent findings regarding the synthesis and physiological functions of D-amino acids in the nervous and endocrine systems.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6494621 |
| spellingShingle | Yoshimitsu Kiriyama Hiromi Nochi D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems Scientifica |
| title | D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
| title_full | D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
| title_fullStr | D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
| title_short | D-Amino Acids in the Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
| title_sort | d amino acids in the nervous and endocrine systems |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6494621 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yoshimitsukiriyama daminoacidsinthenervousandendocrinesystems AT hirominochi daminoacidsinthenervousandendocrinesystems |