The lagged effects of parent–child relationship on internet addiction: parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self-esteem

Abstract Background Adolescent Internet addiction has emerged as a major social and public health concern worldwide. Previous studies have indicated that parent–child relationship plays a crucial role in adolescent Internet addiction. However, most of these studies have adopted a cross-sectional des...

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Main Authors: Xin Liu, Fang Ran, Yaoyao Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:BMC Public Health
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22862-6
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author Xin Liu
Fang Ran
Yaoyao Zhang
author_facet Xin Liu
Fang Ran
Yaoyao Zhang
author_sort Xin Liu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Adolescent Internet addiction has emerged as a major social and public health concern worldwide. Previous studies have indicated that parent–child relationship plays a crucial role in adolescent Internet addiction. However, most of these studies have adopted a cross-sectional design, making it difficult to reveal the lagged effects of the parent-child relationship on adolescent Internet addiction and its underlying developmental mechanisms. Methods This study conducted a three-wave survey over one year, employing cluster sampling between October 2023 and October 2024. The survey assessed parent-child relationship, Internet addiction, basic psychological need frustration, and self-esteem among 2,483 adolescents (M age = 13.82, SD = 1.53; 51.71% girls) from two middle schools in Shaanxi, China. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0. Additionally, the lagged effect of T1 parent-child relationship on T3 Internet addiction, as well as the parallel mediating roles of T2 basic psychological needs frustration and T2 self-esteem in this lagged effect, were examined using PROCESS macro Model 4. Results (1) The lagged effect of T1 parent-child relationship on T3 Internet addiction was significant (β = −0.20, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001). (2) T2 basic psychological need frustration (β = −0.06, SE = 0.01, 95% CI: −0.08, − 0.04) and T2 self-esteem (β = −0.02, SE = 0.01, 95% CI: −0.04, − 0.01) served as parallel mediators in the lagged effect of T1 parent-child relationship on T3 Internet addiction. Conclusions These findings provide empirical evidence for preventing and intervening in adolescent Internet addiction and hold significant implications for reducing its risk.
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spelling doaj-art-37372215205d4b18b6b7fdabbfaf69fe2025-08-20T02:11:23ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582025-05-0125111110.1186/s12889-025-22862-6The lagged effects of parent–child relationship on internet addiction: parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self-esteemXin Liu0Fang Ran1Yaoyao Zhang2Research Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing Vocational Institute of TourismResearch Center of Mental Health Education, Southwest UniversityAbstract Background Adolescent Internet addiction has emerged as a major social and public health concern worldwide. Previous studies have indicated that parent–child relationship plays a crucial role in adolescent Internet addiction. However, most of these studies have adopted a cross-sectional design, making it difficult to reveal the lagged effects of the parent-child relationship on adolescent Internet addiction and its underlying developmental mechanisms. Methods This study conducted a three-wave survey over one year, employing cluster sampling between October 2023 and October 2024. The survey assessed parent-child relationship, Internet addiction, basic psychological need frustration, and self-esteem among 2,483 adolescents (M age = 13.82, SD = 1.53; 51.71% girls) from two middle schools in Shaanxi, China. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0. Additionally, the lagged effect of T1 parent-child relationship on T3 Internet addiction, as well as the parallel mediating roles of T2 basic psychological needs frustration and T2 self-esteem in this lagged effect, were examined using PROCESS macro Model 4. Results (1) The lagged effect of T1 parent-child relationship on T3 Internet addiction was significant (β = −0.20, SE = 0.03, p < 0.001). (2) T2 basic psychological need frustration (β = −0.06, SE = 0.01, 95% CI: −0.08, − 0.04) and T2 self-esteem (β = −0.02, SE = 0.01, 95% CI: −0.04, − 0.01) served as parallel mediators in the lagged effect of T1 parent-child relationship on T3 Internet addiction. Conclusions These findings provide empirical evidence for preventing and intervening in adolescent Internet addiction and hold significant implications for reducing its risk.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22862-6Internet addictionParent–child relationshipBasic psychological need frustrationSelf-esteemAdolescents
spellingShingle Xin Liu
Fang Ran
Yaoyao Zhang
The lagged effects of parent–child relationship on internet addiction: parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self-esteem
BMC Public Health
Internet addiction
Parent–child relationship
Basic psychological need frustration
Self-esteem
Adolescents
title The lagged effects of parent–child relationship on internet addiction: parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self-esteem
title_full The lagged effects of parent–child relationship on internet addiction: parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self-esteem
title_fullStr The lagged effects of parent–child relationship on internet addiction: parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self-esteem
title_full_unstemmed The lagged effects of parent–child relationship on internet addiction: parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self-esteem
title_short The lagged effects of parent–child relationship on internet addiction: parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self-esteem
title_sort lagged effects of parent child relationship on internet addiction parallel mediation of psychological need frustration and self esteem
topic Internet addiction
Parent–child relationship
Basic psychological need frustration
Self-esteem
Adolescents
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22862-6
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