Two-Party Quantum Private Comparison Protocol for Direct Secret Comparison

In this paper, we leverage the properties of the swap test to evaluate the similarity of two qubits and propose a two-party quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol involving a semi-trusted third party (TP). The TP facilitates the comparison between participants without accessing their private info...

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Main Authors: Min Hou, Yue Wu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Mathematics
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/2/326
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author Min Hou
Yue Wu
author_facet Min Hou
Yue Wu
author_sort Min Hou
collection DOAJ
description In this paper, we leverage the properties of the swap test to evaluate the similarity of two qubits and propose a two-party quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol involving a semi-trusted third party (TP). The TP facilitates the comparison between participants without accessing their private information, other than the final comparison results. Our protocol encodes participants’ secret integers directly into the amplitudes of single-photon states and introduces a novel method for secret-to-secret comparison rather than the traditional bit-to-bit comparison, resulting in improved scalability. To ensure security, the encoded single-photon states are concealed using rotation operations. The comparison results are derived through the implementation of the swap test. A simulation on the IBM Quantum Platform demonstrates the protocol’s feasibility, and a security analysis confirms its robustness against potential eavesdropping and participant attacks. Compared with existing QPC protocols that employ bit-to-bit comparison methods, our approach offers improved practicality and scalability. Specifically, it integrates single-photon states, rotation operations, and the swap test as key components for direct secret comparison, facilitating easier implementation with quantum technology.
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spelling doaj-art-2c6884b2b8c943909a06afdbde59074e2025-01-24T13:40:11ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902025-01-0113232610.3390/math13020326Two-Party Quantum Private Comparison Protocol for Direct Secret ComparisonMin Hou0Yue Wu1School of Computer Science, Sichuan University Jinjiang College, Meishan 620860, ChinaSchool of Computer Science, Sichuan University Jinjiang College, Meishan 620860, ChinaIn this paper, we leverage the properties of the swap test to evaluate the similarity of two qubits and propose a two-party quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol involving a semi-trusted third party (TP). The TP facilitates the comparison between participants without accessing their private information, other than the final comparison results. Our protocol encodes participants’ secret integers directly into the amplitudes of single-photon states and introduces a novel method for secret-to-secret comparison rather than the traditional bit-to-bit comparison, resulting in improved scalability. To ensure security, the encoded single-photon states are concealed using rotation operations. The comparison results are derived through the implementation of the swap test. A simulation on the IBM Quantum Platform demonstrates the protocol’s feasibility, and a security analysis confirms its robustness against potential eavesdropping and participant attacks. Compared with existing QPC protocols that employ bit-to-bit comparison methods, our approach offers improved practicality and scalability. Specifically, it integrates single-photon states, rotation operations, and the swap test as key components for direct secret comparison, facilitating easier implementation with quantum technology.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/2/326quantum private comparison (QPC)single photonssemi-trusted third party (TP)swap testrotation operationdirect secret comparison
spellingShingle Min Hou
Yue Wu
Two-Party Quantum Private Comparison Protocol for Direct Secret Comparison
Mathematics
quantum private comparison (QPC)
single photons
semi-trusted third party (TP)
swap test
rotation operation
direct secret comparison
title Two-Party Quantum Private Comparison Protocol for Direct Secret Comparison
title_full Two-Party Quantum Private Comparison Protocol for Direct Secret Comparison
title_fullStr Two-Party Quantum Private Comparison Protocol for Direct Secret Comparison
title_full_unstemmed Two-Party Quantum Private Comparison Protocol for Direct Secret Comparison
title_short Two-Party Quantum Private Comparison Protocol for Direct Secret Comparison
title_sort two party quantum private comparison protocol for direct secret comparison
topic quantum private comparison (QPC)
single photons
semi-trusted third party (TP)
swap test
rotation operation
direct secret comparison
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/2/326
work_keys_str_mv AT minhou twopartyquantumprivatecomparisonprotocolfordirectsecretcomparison
AT yuewu twopartyquantumprivatecomparisonprotocolfordirectsecretcomparison