Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Pathogens Using Metal Nanoclusters: A Systematic Review
The rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses is critical for infectious disease control and public health protection. While conventional methods (e.g., culture, microscopy, serology, and PCR) are widely used, they are often limited by lengthy processing times, high costs, and...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Mahsa Shahrashoob Mahdiyar Dehshiri Vahid Yousefi Mahdi Moassesfar Hamidreza Saberi Fatemeh Molaabasi Yasser Zare Kyong Yop Rhee |
| author_facet | Mahsa Shahrashoob Mahdiyar Dehshiri Vahid Yousefi Mahdi Moassesfar Hamidreza Saberi Fatemeh Molaabasi Yasser Zare Kyong Yop Rhee |
| author_sort | Mahsa Shahrashoob |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses is critical for infectious disease control and public health protection. While conventional methods (e.g., culture, microscopy, serology, and PCR) are widely used, they are often limited by lengthy processing times, high costs, and specialized equipment requirements. In recent years, metal nanocluster (MNC)-based biosensors have emerged as powerful diagnostic platforms due to their unique optical, catalytic, and electrochemical properties. This systematic review comprehensively surveys advancements in MNC-based biosensors for bacterial and viral pathogen detection, focusing on optical (colorimetric and fluorescence) and electrochemical platforms. Three key aspects are emphasized: (1) detection mechanisms, (2) nanocluster types and properties, and (3) applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. The literature demonstrates that MNC-based biosensors provide high sensitivity, specificity, portability, and cost-efficiency. Moreover, the integration of nanotechnology with biosensing platforms enables real-time and point-of-care diagnostics. This review also discusses the limitations and future directions of the technology, emphasizing the need for enhanced stability, multiplex detection capability, and clinical validation. The findings offer valuable insights for developing next-generation biosensors with improved functionality and broader applicability in microbial diagnostics. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2ae44c8123f84a3b989d72268a0eba4d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj-art-2ae44c8123f84a3b989d72268a0eba4d2025-08-20T02:45:33ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742025-07-0115746010.3390/bios15070460Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Pathogens Using Metal Nanoclusters: A Systematic ReviewMahsa Shahrashoob0Mahdiyar Dehshiri1Vahid Yousefi2Mahdi Moassesfar3Hamidreza Saberi4Fatemeh Molaabasi5Yasser Zare6Kyong Yop Rhee7Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1811694784, IranMedical Nanotechnology Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, IranMedical Nanotechnology Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, IranDepartment of Biochemistry and Biophysics, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1811694784, IranMedical Nanotechnology Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, IranMedical Nanotechnology Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, IranBiomaterials and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Interdisciplinary Technologies, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, IranDepartment of Mechanical Engineering (BK21 Four), College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of KoreaThe rapid and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria and viruses is critical for infectious disease control and public health protection. While conventional methods (e.g., culture, microscopy, serology, and PCR) are widely used, they are often limited by lengthy processing times, high costs, and specialized equipment requirements. In recent years, metal nanocluster (MNC)-based biosensors have emerged as powerful diagnostic platforms due to their unique optical, catalytic, and electrochemical properties. This systematic review comprehensively surveys advancements in MNC-based biosensors for bacterial and viral pathogen detection, focusing on optical (colorimetric and fluorescence) and electrochemical platforms. Three key aspects are emphasized: (1) detection mechanisms, (2) nanocluster types and properties, and (3) applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety. The literature demonstrates that MNC-based biosensors provide high sensitivity, specificity, portability, and cost-efficiency. Moreover, the integration of nanotechnology with biosensing platforms enables real-time and point-of-care diagnostics. This review also discusses the limitations and future directions of the technology, emphasizing the need for enhanced stability, multiplex detection capability, and clinical validation. The findings offer valuable insights for developing next-generation biosensors with improved functionality and broader applicability in microbial diagnostics.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/7/460metal nanocluster-based biosensorsvirus detectionbacterial detectionmicrobial infectionsnanobiosensors |
| spellingShingle | Mahsa Shahrashoob Mahdiyar Dehshiri Vahid Yousefi Mahdi Moassesfar Hamidreza Saberi Fatemeh Molaabasi Yasser Zare Kyong Yop Rhee Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Pathogens Using Metal Nanoclusters: A Systematic Review Biosensors metal nanocluster-based biosensors virus detection bacterial detection microbial infections nanobiosensors |
| title | Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Pathogens Using Metal Nanoclusters: A Systematic Review |
| title_full | Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Pathogens Using Metal Nanoclusters: A Systematic Review |
| title_fullStr | Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Pathogens Using Metal Nanoclusters: A Systematic Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Pathogens Using Metal Nanoclusters: A Systematic Review |
| title_short | Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Pathogens Using Metal Nanoclusters: A Systematic Review |
| title_sort | optical and electrochemical biosensors for detection of pathogens using metal nanoclusters a systematic review |
| topic | metal nanocluster-based biosensors virus detection bacterial detection microbial infections nanobiosensors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/15/7/460 |
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