Enhancing Physiological Realism in Nasal Spray Deposition Studies: Synthetic Mucus Properties and Interactions with Saline Solutions and Stereolithography Resin

This study investigated the role of synthetic mucus coatings in enhancing the physiological relevance of in vitro nasal spray deposition assessments using 3D-printed nasal cavity models. Synthetic mucus solutions, representing normal (0.25% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> xanthan gum) and...

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Main Authors: Amr Seifelnasr, Farhad Zare, Xiuhua Si, Jinxiang Xi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Liquids
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8015/5/2/11
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author Amr Seifelnasr
Farhad Zare
Xiuhua Si
Jinxiang Xi
author_facet Amr Seifelnasr
Farhad Zare
Xiuhua Si
Jinxiang Xi
author_sort Amr Seifelnasr
collection DOAJ
description This study investigated the role of synthetic mucus coatings in enhancing the physiological relevance of in vitro nasal spray deposition assessments using 3D-printed nasal cavity models. Synthetic mucus solutions, representing normal (0.25% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> xanthan gum) and diseased (1% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> xanthan gum) nasal conditions, were developed to mimic the viscoelastic properties of human nasal mucus. Their physical properties, including viscosity, surface tension, contact angle, and adhesivity on dry and synthetic mucus-coated stereolithography (SLA) surfaces, were systematically characterized. Comparative experiments evaluated the behavior of saline drops and liquid films on dry versus synthetic mucus-coated SLA surfaces at inclinations of 30°, 45°, and 60°. Observational deposition experiments using anatomically accurate nasal models were conducted under a 45° backward-tilted head position with gentle sniff airflow across uncoated, 0.25% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> mucus-coated, and 1% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> mucus-coated surfaces. Synthetic mucus coatings significantly influenced saline spray deposition patterns. On uncoated surfaces, deposition consisted of scattered droplets and limited film formation, mainly in the anterior and turbinate regions. In contrast, synthetic mucus coatings facilitated broader and more uniform liquid distribution due to diffusion and lubrication effects. These findings highlight the value of synthetic mucus coatings for better simulating nasal environments, offering insights to optimize nasal spray formulations and delivery devices.
format Article
id doaj-art-2840025e360746ce87cd8abc300435a9
institution Kabale University
issn 2673-8015
language English
publishDate 2025-04-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Liquids
spelling doaj-art-2840025e360746ce87cd8abc300435a92025-08-20T03:27:29ZengMDPI AGLiquids2673-80152025-04-01521110.3390/liquids5020011Enhancing Physiological Realism in Nasal Spray Deposition Studies: Synthetic Mucus Properties and Interactions with Saline Solutions and Stereolithography ResinAmr Seifelnasr0Farhad Zare1Xiuhua Si2Jinxiang Xi3Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71946, IranDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USADepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USAThis study investigated the role of synthetic mucus coatings in enhancing the physiological relevance of in vitro nasal spray deposition assessments using 3D-printed nasal cavity models. Synthetic mucus solutions, representing normal (0.25% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> xanthan gum) and diseased (1% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> xanthan gum) nasal conditions, were developed to mimic the viscoelastic properties of human nasal mucus. Their physical properties, including viscosity, surface tension, contact angle, and adhesivity on dry and synthetic mucus-coated stereolithography (SLA) surfaces, were systematically characterized. Comparative experiments evaluated the behavior of saline drops and liquid films on dry versus synthetic mucus-coated SLA surfaces at inclinations of 30°, 45°, and 60°. Observational deposition experiments using anatomically accurate nasal models were conducted under a 45° backward-tilted head position with gentle sniff airflow across uncoated, 0.25% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> mucus-coated, and 1% <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> mucus-coated surfaces. Synthetic mucus coatings significantly influenced saline spray deposition patterns. On uncoated surfaces, deposition consisted of scattered droplets and limited film formation, mainly in the anterior and turbinate regions. In contrast, synthetic mucus coatings facilitated broader and more uniform liquid distribution due to diffusion and lubrication effects. These findings highlight the value of synthetic mucus coatings for better simulating nasal environments, offering insights to optimize nasal spray formulations and delivery devices.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8015/5/2/11synthetic mucusxanthan gumliquid film translocation3D-printingSLA resinsurface tension
spellingShingle Amr Seifelnasr
Farhad Zare
Xiuhua Si
Jinxiang Xi
Enhancing Physiological Realism in Nasal Spray Deposition Studies: Synthetic Mucus Properties and Interactions with Saline Solutions and Stereolithography Resin
Liquids
synthetic mucus
xanthan gum
liquid film translocation
3D-printing
SLA resin
surface tension
title Enhancing Physiological Realism in Nasal Spray Deposition Studies: Synthetic Mucus Properties and Interactions with Saline Solutions and Stereolithography Resin
title_full Enhancing Physiological Realism in Nasal Spray Deposition Studies: Synthetic Mucus Properties and Interactions with Saline Solutions and Stereolithography Resin
title_fullStr Enhancing Physiological Realism in Nasal Spray Deposition Studies: Synthetic Mucus Properties and Interactions with Saline Solutions and Stereolithography Resin
title_full_unstemmed Enhancing Physiological Realism in Nasal Spray Deposition Studies: Synthetic Mucus Properties and Interactions with Saline Solutions and Stereolithography Resin
title_short Enhancing Physiological Realism in Nasal Spray Deposition Studies: Synthetic Mucus Properties and Interactions with Saline Solutions and Stereolithography Resin
title_sort enhancing physiological realism in nasal spray deposition studies synthetic mucus properties and interactions with saline solutions and stereolithography resin
topic synthetic mucus
xanthan gum
liquid film translocation
3D-printing
SLA resin
surface tension
url https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8015/5/2/11
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AT farhadzare enhancingphysiologicalrealisminnasalspraydepositionstudiessyntheticmucuspropertiesandinteractionswithsalinesolutionsandstereolithographyresin
AT xiuhuasi enhancingphysiologicalrealisminnasalspraydepositionstudiessyntheticmucuspropertiesandinteractionswithsalinesolutionsandstereolithographyresin
AT jinxiangxi enhancingphysiologicalrealisminnasalspraydepositionstudiessyntheticmucuspropertiesandinteractionswithsalinesolutionsandstereolithographyresin