Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels
Camel milk is a valuable food source with unique nutritional properties and potential health benefits. This study investigated the influence of high dietary salt on milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profile as well as insulin regulation in dairy camels. Twelve multiparous female camels were used...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/1/22 |
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| author | Riyadh S. Aljumaah Ahmed A. K. Salama Mutassim M. Abdelrahman Moez Ayadi Gerardo Caja Mohammed A. Alshaikh Mohammed A. Al-Badwi Abdulkareem M. Matar |
| author_facet | Riyadh S. Aljumaah Ahmed A. K. Salama Mutassim M. Abdelrahman Moez Ayadi Gerardo Caja Mohammed A. Alshaikh Mohammed A. Al-Badwi Abdulkareem M. Matar |
| author_sort | Riyadh S. Aljumaah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Camel milk is a valuable food source with unique nutritional properties and potential health benefits. This study investigated the influence of high dietary salt on milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profile as well as insulin regulation in dairy camels. Twelve multiparous female camels were used in a crossover design with two treatments: control concentrate (CON; 1.3% salt) and high-salt concentrate (SAL; 3.9% salt). Each period lasted 3 weeks, with camels switched between treatments in the second period. The measured variables included milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites, and insulin levels in blood and milk. The SAL group exhibited higher (<i>p</i> < 0.01) water consumption. Nevertheless, milk yield and composition (fat, protein, lactose) remained unaffected. Notably, SAL camels had elevated blood insulin levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to the CON group, suggesting enhanced pancreatic activity possibly driven by osmotic balance changes. Milk FA profiles revealed a reduction in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA, <i>p</i> < 0.04), particularly monounsaturated (MUFA, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid quality indices such as the atherogenic index (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio (h/H, <i>p</i> < 0.01) indicated a less favorable milk fat profile in the SAL group. These findings suggest that while moderate salt supplementation may not negatively impact milk yield in dairy camels, it alters both metabolic and milk fat composition variables, with potential implications for the nutritional quality of milk. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-258a01bf6357419a8cc1ebce9a8ef5cb |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-258a01bf6357419a8cc1ebce9a8ef5cb2025-01-24T13:52:01ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812025-01-011212210.3390/vetsci12010022Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating CamelsRiyadh S. Aljumaah0Ahmed A. K. Salama1Mutassim M. Abdelrahman2Moez Ayadi3Gerardo Caja4Mohammed A. Alshaikh5Mohammed A. Al-Badwi6Abdulkareem M. Matar7Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaGroup of Research in Ruminants (G2R), Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, SpainDepartment of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaGroup of Research in Ruminants (G2R), Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, SpainDepartment of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaCamel milk is a valuable food source with unique nutritional properties and potential health benefits. This study investigated the influence of high dietary salt on milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profile as well as insulin regulation in dairy camels. Twelve multiparous female camels were used in a crossover design with two treatments: control concentrate (CON; 1.3% salt) and high-salt concentrate (SAL; 3.9% salt). Each period lasted 3 weeks, with camels switched between treatments in the second period. The measured variables included milk yield, milk composition, blood metabolites, and insulin levels in blood and milk. The SAL group exhibited higher (<i>p</i> < 0.01) water consumption. Nevertheless, milk yield and composition (fat, protein, lactose) remained unaffected. Notably, SAL camels had elevated blood insulin levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to the CON group, suggesting enhanced pancreatic activity possibly driven by osmotic balance changes. Milk FA profiles revealed a reduction in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA, <i>p</i> < 0.04), particularly monounsaturated (MUFA, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA, <i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, lipid quality indices such as the atherogenic index (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic FA ratio (h/H, <i>p</i> < 0.01) indicated a less favorable milk fat profile in the SAL group. These findings suggest that while moderate salt supplementation may not negatively impact milk yield in dairy camels, it alters both metabolic and milk fat composition variables, with potential implications for the nutritional quality of milk.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/1/22dromedary cameldietary saltmilk compositionfatty acidsinsulin |
| spellingShingle | Riyadh S. Aljumaah Ahmed A. K. Salama Mutassim M. Abdelrahman Moez Ayadi Gerardo Caja Mohammed A. Alshaikh Mohammed A. Al-Badwi Abdulkareem M. Matar Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels Veterinary Sciences dromedary camel dietary salt milk composition fatty acids insulin |
| title | Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels |
| title_full | Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels |
| title_fullStr | Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels |
| title_short | Exploring the Role of Salt Supplementation on Milk Composition, Fatty Acids, and Insulin Response in Lactating Camels |
| title_sort | exploring the role of salt supplementation on milk composition fatty acids and insulin response in lactating camels |
| topic | dromedary camel dietary salt milk composition fatty acids insulin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/1/22 |
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