Modulation of ER Stress and Inflammation by S-Ketamine, R-Ketamine, and Their Metabolites in Human Microglial Cells: Insights into Novel Targets for Depression Therapy

Modulation of ER Stress and Inflammation by S-Ketamine, R-Ketamine, and Their Metabolites in Human Microglial Cells: Insights into Novel Targets for Depression Therapy

Despite affecting millions worldwide, major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a therapeutic challenge, with approximately one-third of patients failing to respond to standard treatments. The need for innovative, molecularly driven therapies has turned attention to ketamine and its enantiomers. While...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Marta Jóźwiak-Bębenista, Anna Wiktorowska-Owczarek, Małgorzata Siatkowska, Piotr Komorowski, Aneta Włodarczyk, Edward Kowalczyk, Paulina Sokołowska
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Cells
Subjects:
antidepressants
CHOP
depression
ER stress
GRP78
inflammation
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/14/11/831
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