The mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Abstract Background Uremia (UR) is caused by increased UR-related toxins in the bloodstream. We explored the mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid (MMA) in calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in UR rats via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Methods The UR rat model was established by 5/6 nep...

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Main Authors: Xing Fan, Jing Li, Yan Gao, Lin Li, Haisong Zhang, Zhaoyu Bi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-01-01
Series:Molecular Medicine
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-025-01067-y
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author Xing Fan
Jing Li
Yan Gao
Lin Li
Haisong Zhang
Zhaoyu Bi
author_facet Xing Fan
Jing Li
Yan Gao
Lin Li
Haisong Zhang
Zhaoyu Bi
author_sort Xing Fan
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Uremia (UR) is caused by increased UR-related toxins in the bloodstream. We explored the mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid (MMA) in calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in UR rats via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Methods The UR rat model was established by 5/6 nephrectomy. The fecal bacteria of UR rats were transplanted into Sham rats. Sham rats were injected with exogenous MMA or Salinomycin (SAL). Pathological changes in renal/colon tissues were analyzed. MMA concentration, levels of renal function indicators, serum inflammatory factors, Ca2+/P3+, and parathyroid hormone, intestinal flora structure, fecal metabolic profile, intestinal permeability, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed. Additionally, rat glomerular podocytes were cultured, with cell viability and apoptosis measured. Results Intestinal flora richness and diversity in UR rats were decreased, along with unbalanced flora structure. Among the screened 133 secondary differential metabolites, the MMA concentration rose, showing the most significant difference. UR rat fecal transplantation caused elevated MMA concentration in the serum and renal tissues of Sham rats. The intestinal flora metabolite MMA or exogenous MMA promoted intestinal barrier impairment, increased intestinal permeability, induced glomerular podocyte loss, and reduced GFR, causing calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder. The intestinal flora metabolite MMA or exogenous MMA induced inflammatory responses and facilitated glomerular podocyte apoptosis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which could be counteracted by repressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusions Enterogenous toxin MMA impelled intestinal barrier impairment in UR rats, enhanced intestinal permeability, and activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to induce glomerular podocyte loss and reduce GFR, thus aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder.
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spelling doaj-art-23f0da55145444248628177ad4afd52b2025-01-26T12:38:35ZengBMCMolecular Medicine1528-36582025-01-0131112010.1186/s10020-025-01067-yThe mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathwayXing Fan0Jing Li1Yan Gao2Lin Li3Haisong Zhang4Zhaoyu Bi5Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei UniversityDepartment of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei UniversityDepartment of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei UniversityDepartment of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei UniversityDepartment of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei UniversityDepartment of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei UniversityAbstract Background Uremia (UR) is caused by increased UR-related toxins in the bloodstream. We explored the mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid (MMA) in calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in UR rats via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Methods The UR rat model was established by 5/6 nephrectomy. The fecal bacteria of UR rats were transplanted into Sham rats. Sham rats were injected with exogenous MMA or Salinomycin (SAL). Pathological changes in renal/colon tissues were analyzed. MMA concentration, levels of renal function indicators, serum inflammatory factors, Ca2+/P3+, and parathyroid hormone, intestinal flora structure, fecal metabolic profile, intestinal permeability, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were assessed. Additionally, rat glomerular podocytes were cultured, with cell viability and apoptosis measured. Results Intestinal flora richness and diversity in UR rats were decreased, along with unbalanced flora structure. Among the screened 133 secondary differential metabolites, the MMA concentration rose, showing the most significant difference. UR rat fecal transplantation caused elevated MMA concentration in the serum and renal tissues of Sham rats. The intestinal flora metabolite MMA or exogenous MMA promoted intestinal barrier impairment, increased intestinal permeability, induced glomerular podocyte loss, and reduced GFR, causing calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder. The intestinal flora metabolite MMA or exogenous MMA induced inflammatory responses and facilitated glomerular podocyte apoptosis by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which could be counteracted by repressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Conclusions Enterogenous toxin MMA impelled intestinal barrier impairment in UR rats, enhanced intestinal permeability, and activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to induce glomerular podocyte loss and reduce GFR, thus aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder.https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-025-01067-yEnterogenous toxin methylmalonic acidUremiaWnt/β-catenin pathwayIntestinal flora imbalanceFecal metabolomicsIntestinal permeability
spellingShingle Xing Fan
Jing Li
Yan Gao
Lin Li
Haisong Zhang
Zhaoyu Bi
The mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Molecular Medicine
Enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid
Uremia
Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Intestinal flora imbalance
Fecal metabolomics
Intestinal permeability
title The mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
title_full The mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
title_fullStr The mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
title_full_unstemmed The mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
title_short The mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium-phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
title_sort mechanism of enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid aggravating calcium phosphorus metabolic disorder in uremic rats by regulating the wnt β catenin pathway
topic Enterogenous toxin methylmalonic acid
Uremia
Wnt/β-catenin pathway
Intestinal flora imbalance
Fecal metabolomics
Intestinal permeability
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-025-01067-y
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