Assessing the Impact of Risk-Warning eHMI Information Content on Pedestrian Mental Workload, Situation Awareness, and Gap Acceptance in Full and Partial eHMI Penetration Vehicle Platoons

Assessing the Impact of Risk-Warning eHMI Information Content on Pedestrian Mental Workload, Situation Awareness, and Gap Acceptance in Full and Partial eHMI Penetration Vehicle Platoons

External Human–Machine Interfaces (eHMIs) enhance pedestrian safety in interactions with autonomous vehicles (AVs) by signaling crossing risk based on time-to-arrival (TTA), categorized as low, medium, or high. This study compared five eHMI configurations (single-level low, medium, high; two-level l...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Fang Yang, Xu Sun, Jiming Bai, Bingjian Liu, Luis Felipe Moreno Leyva, Sheng Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
pedestrian-AV interaction
risk-warning eHMI
eHMI penetration rate within vehicle platoon
gap acceptance
mental workload
situation awareness
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/15/8250
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