Impact of solid oxide FC-RFB and IPFC on a renewable multi-area power system using combined PI and FOPD controllers optimized by the African Vulture algorithm
Abstract The expanding complexity of modern energy systems and the increasing integration of renewable sources make stable load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected power networks a continuing issue. Traditional controllers, such as proportional-integral (PI), proportional-integral-derivative (...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97761-2 |
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| author | Arindita Saha Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar Mahmoud F. Elmorshedy Dhafer J. Almakhles Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban |
| author_facet | Arindita Saha Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar Mahmoud F. Elmorshedy Dhafer J. Almakhles Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban |
| author_sort | Arindita Saha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The expanding complexity of modern energy systems and the increasing integration of renewable sources make stable load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected power networks a continuing issue. Traditional controllers, such as proportional-integral (PI), proportional-integral-derivative (PID), and other subordinate control methods, frequently fail to control frequency adequately, especially in multi-source generating systems. Furthermore, standard optimization techniques may exhibit sluggish convergence and inefficient tuning, limiting their usefulness in real-time applications. To address these problems, this study suggest an enhanced LFC framework for a three-area power system that includes thermal-biodiesel (Area-1), thermal (Area-2), and hydro-thermal (Area-3) components. The African Vulture Optimization Algorithm (AVOA) is used to improve a novel PI(FOPD) controller that combines integer-order PI with fractional-order Proportional Derivative (FOPD). According to a comparative investigation, the AVOA-augmented PI(FOPD) controller outperforms conventional I, PI, and PID controllers in terms of transient responsiveness, stability, and convergence. Additionally, AVOA outperforms optimization approaches such as Cuckoo Search, Particle Swarm Optimization, and the Firefly Algorithm. The integration of a Dish-Stirling solar thermal system, a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device, and an energy storage component improves system robustness. The results show that the AVOA-optimized PI(FOPD) controller greatly enhances LFC performance, making it a promising alternative for current power networks. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-2307cc05242a41c0837caa1dd3dd1298 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-2307cc05242a41c0837caa1dd3dd12982025-08-20T03:48:15ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115112810.1038/s41598-025-97761-2Impact of solid oxide FC-RFB and IPFC on a renewable multi-area power system using combined PI and FOPD controllers optimized by the African Vulture algorithmArindita Saha0Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar1Mahmoud F. Elmorshedy2Dhafer J. Almakhles3Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban4Department of Electrical Engineering, Regent Education & Research Foundation Group of InstitutionsRenewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan UniversityRenewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan UniversityRenewable Energy Lab, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan UniversityDepartment of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern NorwayAbstract The expanding complexity of modern energy systems and the increasing integration of renewable sources make stable load frequency control (LFC) in interconnected power networks a continuing issue. Traditional controllers, such as proportional-integral (PI), proportional-integral-derivative (PID), and other subordinate control methods, frequently fail to control frequency adequately, especially in multi-source generating systems. Furthermore, standard optimization techniques may exhibit sluggish convergence and inefficient tuning, limiting their usefulness in real-time applications. To address these problems, this study suggest an enhanced LFC framework for a three-area power system that includes thermal-biodiesel (Area-1), thermal (Area-2), and hydro-thermal (Area-3) components. The African Vulture Optimization Algorithm (AVOA) is used to improve a novel PI(FOPD) controller that combines integer-order PI with fractional-order Proportional Derivative (FOPD). According to a comparative investigation, the AVOA-augmented PI(FOPD) controller outperforms conventional I, PI, and PID controllers in terms of transient responsiveness, stability, and convergence. Additionally, AVOA outperforms optimization approaches such as Cuckoo Search, Particle Swarm Optimization, and the Firefly Algorithm. The integration of a Dish-Stirling solar thermal system, a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device, and an energy storage component improves system robustness. The results show that the AVOA-optimized PI(FOPD) controller greatly enhances LFC performance, making it a promising alternative for current power networks.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97761-2Automatic generation controlBiodieselInterline power flow controllerRedox flow batterySolid oxide fuel cellAfrican Vulture optimization algorithm |
| spellingShingle | Arindita Saha Mahajan Sagar Bhaskar Mahmoud F. Elmorshedy Dhafer J. Almakhles Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban Impact of solid oxide FC-RFB and IPFC on a renewable multi-area power system using combined PI and FOPD controllers optimized by the African Vulture algorithm Scientific Reports Automatic generation control Biodiesel Interline power flow controller Redox flow battery Solid oxide fuel cell African Vulture optimization algorithm |
| title | Impact of solid oxide FC-RFB and IPFC on a renewable multi-area power system using combined PI and FOPD controllers optimized by the African Vulture algorithm |
| title_full | Impact of solid oxide FC-RFB and IPFC on a renewable multi-area power system using combined PI and FOPD controllers optimized by the African Vulture algorithm |
| title_fullStr | Impact of solid oxide FC-RFB and IPFC on a renewable multi-area power system using combined PI and FOPD controllers optimized by the African Vulture algorithm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of solid oxide FC-RFB and IPFC on a renewable multi-area power system using combined PI and FOPD controllers optimized by the African Vulture algorithm |
| title_short | Impact of solid oxide FC-RFB and IPFC on a renewable multi-area power system using combined PI and FOPD controllers optimized by the African Vulture algorithm |
| title_sort | impact of solid oxide fc rfb and ipfc on a renewable multi area power system using combined pi and fopd controllers optimized by the african vulture algorithm |
| topic | Automatic generation control Biodiesel Interline power flow controller Redox flow battery Solid oxide fuel cell African Vulture optimization algorithm |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97761-2 |
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