Immune microenvironment in intervertebral disc degeneration: pathophysiology and therapeutic potential

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a prevalent and debilitating condition that affects millions worldwide, leading to chronic back pain and a reduced quality of life. This review shifts the focus to the pivotal role of the immune microenvironment in IDD, highlighting its dual functions—exacer...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Qian Ren, Ling Chen, Yibo Ma, Yansheng Huang, Sibo Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1563635/full
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