Integrating Confidence Maps and Visual Servoing for Needle Tracking in Robotic US-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive procedure to remove large kidney stones through an incision in the patient’s back. PCNL requires a high level of dexterity to steer a surgical tool while visualizing it using US images. A robotic system tha...

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Main Authors: Hoorieh Mazdarani, James Watterson, Rebecca Hibbert, Carlos Rossa
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement
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Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11045695/
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author Hoorieh Mazdarani
James Watterson
Rebecca Hibbert
Carlos Rossa
author_facet Hoorieh Mazdarani
James Watterson
Rebecca Hibbert
Carlos Rossa
author_sort Hoorieh Mazdarani
collection DOAJ
description Ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive procedure to remove large kidney stones through an incision in the patient’s back. PCNL requires a high level of dexterity to steer a surgical tool while visualizing it using US images. A robotic system that controls the US probe to automatically image the tool would alleviate the surgeon’s cognitive workload and potentially lead to more accurate kidney access. We propose a novel algorithm that combines visual servoing and confidence maps to track the position of a manually steered needle using a robotically actuated US probe. The algorithm automatically adjusts the position of the US probe so that the same longitudinal portion of the needle shaft is visible in the image, while simultaneously ensuring acoustic contact between the US probe and the tissue over uneven surfaces. Unlike previous methods, where confidence maps were used for probe positioning with static targets, this article introduces the first unified algorithm that optimizes image quality while tracking a moving tool. It ensures continuous probe–tissue contact on uneven surfaces and does not require prior knowledge of the needle’s trajectory or additional sensors. The algorithm, evaluated in phantom tissue and in a realistic kidney mannequin, shows an average tool tracking accuracy of 1.65 and 1.17 mm, respectively, confirming its ability to reliably track a manually inserted tool during PCNL.
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spelling doaj-art-196ccb3cab3f4483b2fda069177510cb2025-08-20T02:39:23ZengIEEEIEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement2768-72362025-01-0141910.1109/OJIM.2025.358163411045695Integrating Confidence Maps and Visual Servoing for Needle Tracking in Robotic US-Guided Percutaneous NephrolithotomyHoorieh Mazdarani0https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6072-8127James Watterson1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8056-249XRebecca Hibbert2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0563-9052Carlos Rossa3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5879-1752Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, CanadaFaculty of Medicine, Division of Urology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CanadaDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USADepartment of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, CanadaUltrasound (US)-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive procedure to remove large kidney stones through an incision in the patient’s back. PCNL requires a high level of dexterity to steer a surgical tool while visualizing it using US images. A robotic system that controls the US probe to automatically image the tool would alleviate the surgeon’s cognitive workload and potentially lead to more accurate kidney access. We propose a novel algorithm that combines visual servoing and confidence maps to track the position of a manually steered needle using a robotically actuated US probe. The algorithm automatically adjusts the position of the US probe so that the same longitudinal portion of the needle shaft is visible in the image, while simultaneously ensuring acoustic contact between the US probe and the tissue over uneven surfaces. Unlike previous methods, where confidence maps were used for probe positioning with static targets, this article introduces the first unified algorithm that optimizes image quality while tracking a moving tool. It ensures continuous probe–tissue contact on uneven surfaces and does not require prior knowledge of the needle’s trajectory or additional sensors. The algorithm, evaluated in phantom tissue and in a realistic kidney mannequin, shows an average tool tracking accuracy of 1.65 and 1.17 mm, respectively, confirming its ability to reliably track a manually inserted tool during PCNL.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11045695/Confidence mapsneedle trackingpercutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)robot-assisted surgeryultrasound (US) imagingvisual servoing (VS)
spellingShingle Hoorieh Mazdarani
James Watterson
Rebecca Hibbert
Carlos Rossa
Integrating Confidence Maps and Visual Servoing for Needle Tracking in Robotic US-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
IEEE Open Journal of Instrumentation and Measurement
Confidence maps
needle tracking
percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
robot-assisted surgery
ultrasound (US) imaging
visual servoing (VS)
title Integrating Confidence Maps and Visual Servoing for Needle Tracking in Robotic US-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
title_full Integrating Confidence Maps and Visual Servoing for Needle Tracking in Robotic US-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
title_fullStr Integrating Confidence Maps and Visual Servoing for Needle Tracking in Robotic US-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
title_full_unstemmed Integrating Confidence Maps and Visual Servoing for Needle Tracking in Robotic US-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
title_short Integrating Confidence Maps and Visual Servoing for Needle Tracking in Robotic US-Guided Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
title_sort integrating confidence maps and visual servoing for needle tracking in robotic us guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy
topic Confidence maps
needle tracking
percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
robot-assisted surgery
ultrasound (US) imaging
visual servoing (VS)
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11045695/
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AT rebeccahibbert integratingconfidencemapsandvisualservoingforneedletrackinginroboticusguidedpercutaneousnephrolithotomy
AT carlosrossa integratingconfidencemapsandvisualservoingforneedletrackinginroboticusguidedpercutaneousnephrolithotomy