Study on the Impact of C-Class Solar Flares on Low-Frequency Signal Propagation and Ionospheric Disturbances
This work investigates the impact of C-class solar flare events (XRA) on ionospheric and low-frequency signal propagation by analyzing the maximum correlation lag time, correlation, and Granger causality between low-frequency time-code signal strength and XRA. The results show that within the lag in...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/16/2/154 |
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| Summary: | This work investigates the impact of C-class solar flare events (XRA) on ionospheric and low-frequency signal propagation by analyzing the maximum correlation lag time, correlation, and Granger causality between low-frequency time-code signal strength and XRA. The results show that within the lag interval of (−5, 5) minutes, XRA exhibits the highest correlation and causality with signal strength, supporting the theory of a rapid ionospheric response and early warning to XRA. The correlation coefficient increases significantly with flare intensity, indicating that XRA has both linear and nonlinear dual effects on the disturbance of low-frequency signal propagation paths. Granger causality tests further confirm that XRA events have an immediate and sustained direct impact on signal strength. These findings provide a basis for understanding the disturbance mechanism of solar activity on the Earth’s ionosphere and support the use of low-frequency signals in space weather forecasting. |
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| ISSN: | 2073-4433 |