Negative control-calibrated difference-in-difference analyses: addressing unmeasured confounding in RWD with application to racial/ethnic differences

Abstract Real-world data (RWD) from electronic health records and digital health databases present unique opportunities to study causal effects in healthcare. While Difference-in-Differences (DiD) analysis is widely used for such analyses, it can be biased when time-varying unmeasured confounding vi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Dazheng Zhang, Bingyu Zhang, Huiyuan Wang, Yiwen Lu, Charles J. Wolock, Wenjie Hu, Linbo Wang, George Hripcsak, Yong Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:npj Digital Medicine
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01821-w
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