Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications

Closed hydroponics is an environmentally friendly and economical method for growing crops by circulating a nutrient solution while measuring and supplementing various ions contained in the solution. However, conventional monitoring systems in hydroponics do not measure individual ions in the nutrien...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yeonggeeol Hong, Jooyoung Lee, Sangbae Park, Jangho Kim, Kyoung-Je Jang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-12-01
Series:AgriEngineering
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2624-7402/6/4/274
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