Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed PLGA/nHA/GO scaffold for bone tissue engineering

Abstract The study aimed to fabricate and evaluate a bone tissue engineering scaffold made from a composite of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), and graphene oxide (GO) using low-temperature 3D printing and freeze-drying techniques. The scaffolds were produced with varyi...

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Main Authors: Ling Tong, Guopeng Shi, Qinghua Liu, Zhiyong Qian, Jing Li, Kai Zhang, Yong Zhu, Yuan Fang, Lirong Sha, Lin Bai, Yumo Li, Xing Wang, Yuan Ma, Enhe Jirigala, Haiyan Wang, Xiaohe Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96099-z
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author Ling Tong
Guopeng Shi
Qinghua Liu
Zhiyong Qian
Jing Li
Kai Zhang
Yong Zhu
Yuan Fang
Lirong Sha
Lin Bai
Yumo Li
Xing Wang
Yuan Ma
Enhe Jirigala
Haiyan Wang
Xiaohe Li
author_facet Ling Tong
Guopeng Shi
Qinghua Liu
Zhiyong Qian
Jing Li
Kai Zhang
Yong Zhu
Yuan Fang
Lirong Sha
Lin Bai
Yumo Li
Xing Wang
Yuan Ma
Enhe Jirigala
Haiyan Wang
Xiaohe Li
author_sort Ling Tong
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The study aimed to fabricate and evaluate a bone tissue engineering scaffold made from a composite of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), and graphene oxide (GO) using low-temperature 3D printing and freeze-drying techniques. The scaffolds were produced with varying compositions: PLGA alone and in combination with nHA and GO. The macro and microstructure, pore size, porosity, mechanical properties, and in vitro biocompatibility were assessed. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were co-cultured with the scaffolds to evaluate cell adhesion, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. The PLGA/nHA/GO composite scaffolds exhibited optimal pore size and microtopography, enhanced mechanical properties, excellent water absorption, and appropriate degradability. The co-culture with BMSCs demonstrated improved cell adhesion and proliferation, indicating good biocompatibility. The PLGA/nHA/GO composite scaffolds show potential as a bone tissue engineering material due to their favorable properties and biocompatibility, suggesting their suitability for bone defect repair applications.
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spelling doaj-art-0d8ddda3bf494c90a475c4b29476524f2025-08-20T03:10:06ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-96099-zFabrication and evaluation of 3D printed PLGA/nHA/GO scaffold for bone tissue engineeringLing Tong0Guopeng Shi1Qinghua Liu2Zhiyong Qian3Jing Li4Kai Zhang5Yong Zhu6Yuan Fang7Lirong Sha8Lin Bai9Yumo Li10Xing Wang11Yuan Ma12Enhe Jirigala13Haiyan Wang14Xiaohe Li15Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityState Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical SciencesDepartment of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Ulanqab CityPeking University Cancer Hospital (Inner Mongolia Campus)/Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia Cancer CenterDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversitySchool of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDigital Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDigital Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityDepartment of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityAbstract The study aimed to fabricate and evaluate a bone tissue engineering scaffold made from a composite of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), and graphene oxide (GO) using low-temperature 3D printing and freeze-drying techniques. The scaffolds were produced with varying compositions: PLGA alone and in combination with nHA and GO. The macro and microstructure, pore size, porosity, mechanical properties, and in vitro biocompatibility were assessed. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were co-cultured with the scaffolds to evaluate cell adhesion, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. The PLGA/nHA/GO composite scaffolds exhibited optimal pore size and microtopography, enhanced mechanical properties, excellent water absorption, and appropriate degradability. The co-culture with BMSCs demonstrated improved cell adhesion and proliferation, indicating good biocompatibility. The PLGA/nHA/GO composite scaffolds show potential as a bone tissue engineering material due to their favorable properties and biocompatibility, suggesting their suitability for bone defect repair applications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96099-z3D printingScaffoldBone tissue engineeringPolylactic-co-glycolic acidNano-hydroxyapatiteGraphene oxide
spellingShingle Ling Tong
Guopeng Shi
Qinghua Liu
Zhiyong Qian
Jing Li
Kai Zhang
Yong Zhu
Yuan Fang
Lirong Sha
Lin Bai
Yumo Li
Xing Wang
Yuan Ma
Enhe Jirigala
Haiyan Wang
Xiaohe Li
Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed PLGA/nHA/GO scaffold for bone tissue engineering
Scientific Reports
3D printing
Scaffold
Bone tissue engineering
Polylactic-co-glycolic acid
Nano-hydroxyapatite
Graphene oxide
title Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed PLGA/nHA/GO scaffold for bone tissue engineering
title_full Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed PLGA/nHA/GO scaffold for bone tissue engineering
title_fullStr Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed PLGA/nHA/GO scaffold for bone tissue engineering
title_full_unstemmed Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed PLGA/nHA/GO scaffold for bone tissue engineering
title_short Fabrication and evaluation of 3D printed PLGA/nHA/GO scaffold for bone tissue engineering
title_sort fabrication and evaluation of 3d printed plga nha go scaffold for bone tissue engineering
topic 3D printing
Scaffold
Bone tissue engineering
Polylactic-co-glycolic acid
Nano-hydroxyapatite
Graphene oxide
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96099-z
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