Trigeminal nerve stimulation as an active control condition in TMS clinical trials: Evidence from heart-brain coupling and clinical outcomes

Trigeminal nerve stimulation as an active control condition in TMS clinical trials: Evidence from heart-brain coupling and clinical outcomes

The inertness of sham controls in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies, particularly those involving Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), remains controversial. Using heart-brain coupling (HBC) as a frontal-vagal engagement measure, we analyzed pilot data and data from two...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Martijn Arns, Nolan R. Williams, Jonathan Downar, Aleksandra Dojnov, John Coetzee, Roberto Goya-Maldonado
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Brain Stimulation
Subjects:
Sham
TMS
Trigeminal
Heart-brain coupling
Introspection
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X25002724
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X25002724

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