Modeling and Performance Analysis of Uplink Laser Transmission Across Sea Surfaces: A Channel Characterization Study

Variable marine environmental conditions, particularly at the sea surface, present considerable challenges to cross-media laser transmission. This study simulates uplink laser transmission through a seawater–sea surface–air channel via ray tracing and Monte Carlo methods, with an emphasis on the imp...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hong Gao, Tinglu Zhang, Ruiman Yuan, Lianbo Hu, Shuguo Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/4/1239
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