Breakthrough Infection After a Primary Series of COVID-19 Vaccination Induces Stronger Humoral Immunity and Equivalent Cellular Immunity to the Spike Protein Compared with Booster Shots

Breakthrough Infection After a Primary Series of COVID-19 Vaccination Induces Stronger Humoral Immunity and Equivalent Cellular Immunity to the Spike Protein Compared with Booster Shots

<b>Background:</b> The long-term immune implications of administering more than four doses of COVID-19 vaccine and the impact of breakthrough infections are not fully understood. <b>Research Design and Methods:</b> We conducted a follow-up cohort study on Japanese healthcare...

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Main Authors: Yoshifumi Uwamino, Takashi Yokoyama, Yasunori Sato, Shiho Tanaka, Yuka Kamoshita, Ayako Shibata, Toshinobu Kurafuji, Akiko Tanabe, Tomoko Arai, Akemi Ohno, Ho Namkoong, Tomoyasu Nishimura, Masatoshi Wakui, Mitsuru Murata, Naoki Hasegawa, Hiromichi Matsushita
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Vaccines
Subjects:
booster effect
BNT162b2 vaccine
breakthrough infection
cellular immunity
humoral immunity
immune response
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/7/751
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