Oxygen-functionalized melem as a stable heterogeneous catalyst for free fatty acid esterification in low-grade biodiesel feedstocks

The feasibility of biodiesel production relies on efficiently utilizing low-grade feedstocks rich in free fatty acids (FFAs). However, high FFA content deactivates base catalysts via saponification, requiring pre-treatment with acid catalysts. This study synthesized oxygen-functionalized melem via a...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Sung Eun Kim, Elim Kim, Hyung Chul Ham, Dae-Won Lee, Deog-Keun Kim, Kwan-Young Lee, Hak Joo Kim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-08-01
Series:Fuel Processing Technology
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037838202500044X
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